Articles

Distribution and fate of HIV-1 unintegrated DNA species: a comprehensive update

Reverse transcription of viral RNA and the subsequent integration of reverse transcripts are the classical early events of the HIV-1 life-cycle. Simultaneously, abundant unintegrated DNAs (uDNAs), are formed i...

Authors: Faysal Bin Hamid, Jinsun Kim and Cha-Gyun Shin

H1N1 influenza vaccination in HIV-infected women on effective antiretroviral treatment did not induce measurable antigen-driven proliferation of the HIV-1 proviral reservoir

Antigen-induced activation and proliferation of HIV-1-infected cells is hypothesized to be a mechanism of HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy. The objective of this study was to determine if prolifer...

Authors: Thor A. Wagner, Hannah C. Huang, Christen E. Salyer, Kelly M. Richardson, Adriana Weinberg, Sharon Nachman and Lisa M. Frenkel

Renal safety of lithium in HIV-infected patients established on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate containing antiretroviral therapy: analysis from a randomized placebo-controlled trial

The prevalence of bipolar disorder in HIV-infected patients is higher than the general population. Lithium is the most effective mood stabiliser, while tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is frequently used as...

Authors: Eric H. Decloedt, Maia Lesosky, Gary Maartens and John A. Joska

Immunological outcomes of Tenofovir versus Zidovudine-based regimens among people living with HIV/AIDS: a two years retrospective cohort study

Tenofovir (TDF) based regimen was reported to have better immunological outcomes. Unfortunately, there is limited information regarding the immunologic outcome associated with this regimen in Ethiopia, as its ...

Authors: Teshale Ayele, Habtemu Jarso and Girma Mamo

HIV-1 drug-resistant mutations and related risk factors among HIV-1-positive individuals experiencing treatment failure in Hebei Province, China

To understand HIV-1 drug resistance in 11 prefectures of Hebei Province, China, we implemented a cross-sectional HIV-1 molecular epidemiological survey.

Authors: Xinli Lu, Hongru Zhao, Yuqi Zhang, Wei Wang, Cuiying Zhao, Yan Li, Lin Ma, Ze Cui and Suliang Chen

Feasibility of antiretroviral treatment monitoring in the era of decentralized HIV care: a systematic review

Regular monitoring of HIV patients who are receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) is required to ensure patient benefits and the long-term effectiveness and sustainability of ART programs. Prompted by WHO reco...

Authors: Minh D. Pham, Lorena Romero, Bruce Parnell, David A. Anderson, Suzanne M. Crowe and Stanley Luchters

Does antiretroviral treatment change HIV-1 codon usage patterns in its genes: a preliminary bioinformatics study

Codon usage bias has been described for various organisms and is thought to contribute to the regulation of numerous biological processes including viral infections. HIV-1 codon usage has been previously shown...

Authors: Navaneethan Palanisamy, Nathan Osman, Frédéric Ohnona, Hong-Tao Xu, Bluma Brenner, Thibault Mesplède and Mark A. Wainberg

Early virological failure and HIV drug resistance in Ugandan adults co-infected with tuberculosis

This cross-sectional study took place in the integrated tuberculosis (TB) clinic of a large outpatient clinic for HIV-infected patients in Kampala, Uganda. The purpose of this study was to describe the proport...

Authors: Amrei von Braun, Christine Sekaggya-Wiltshire, Alexandra U. Scherrer, Brian Magambo, Andrew Kambugu, Jan Fehr and Barbara Castelnuovo

Integrated therapy for HIV and cryptococcosis

Cryptococcosis has been one of the most common opportunistic infections and causes of mortality among HIV-infected patients, especially in resource-limited countries. Cryptococcal meningitis is the most common...

Authors: Sirawat Srichatrapimuk and Somnuek Sungkanuparph

Infection of rhesus macaques with a pool of simian immunodeficiency virus with the envelope genes from acute HIV-1 infections

New simian–human immunodeficiency chimeric viruses with an HIV-1 env (SHIVenv) are critical for studies on HIV pathogenesis, vaccine development, and microbicide testing. Macaques are typically exposed to sing...

Authors: Kendall C. Krebs, Meijuan Tian, Mohammed Asmal, Binhua Ling, Kenneth Nelson, Kenneth Henry, Richard Gibson, Yuejin Li, Weining Han, Robin J. Shattock, Ronald S. Veazey, Norman Letvin, Eric J. Arts and Yong Gao

Cases of antiretroviral-associated gynaecomastia reported to the National HIV & Tuberculosis Health Care Worker Hotline in South Africa

Gynaecomastia is associated with exposure to antiretroviral therapy (ART), in particular efavirenz. There is limited data on clinical characteristics of patients with ART-associated gynaecomastia in resource-l...

Authors: Christine Njuguna, Annoesjka Swart, Marc Blockman, Gary Maartens, Briony Chisholm, Annemie Stewart, Anri Uys and Karen Cohen

HIV sero-discordance among married HIV patients initiating anti-retroviral therapy in northern Vietnam

In many countries in Asia, the HIV epidemic is in a concentrated phase, with high prevalence in certain risk groups, such as men who inject drugs. There is also a rapid increase of HIV among women. The latter ...

Authors: Vu Van Tam, Do Duy Cuong, Tobias Alfven, Ho Dang Phuc, Nguyen Thi Kim Chuc, Nguyen Phuong Hoa, Vinod Diwan and Mattias Larsson

Trends in clinical characteristics and outcomes of Pre-ART care at a large HIV clinic in Nairobi, Kenya: a retrospective cohort study

The success of antiretroviral therapy in resource-scarce settings is an illustration that complex healthcare interventions can be successfully delivered even in fragile health systems. Documenting the success ...

Authors: Jared O. Mecha, Elizabeth N. Kubo, Lucy W. Nganga, Peter N. Muiruri, Lilian N. Njagi, Immaculate N. Mutisya, Justine J. Odionyi, Syokau C. Ilovi, Mary Wambui, Christopher Githu, Richard Ngethe, Elizabeth M. Obimbo and Zipporah W. Ngumi

Re-focusing HIV prevention messages: a qualitative study in rural Uganda

After 30 years, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains an epidemic of global concern. To support the increasing emphasis on biomedical interventions for prevention requires a renewed and reframed focus...

Authors: Sanyukta Mathur, Dina Romo, Mariko Rasmussen, Neema Nakyanjo, Fred Nalugoda and John S. Santelli

Quasi-Poisson versus negative binomial regression models in identifying factors affecting initial CD4 cell count change due to antiretroviral therapy administered to HIV-positive adults in North–West Ethiopia (Amhara region)

CD4 cells are a type of white blood cells that plays a significant role in protecting humans from infectious diseases. Lack of information on associated factors on CD4 cell count reduction is an obstacle for i...

Authors: Awoke Seyoum, Principal Ndlovu and Temesgen Zewotir

The HIV treatment cascade and care continuum: updates, goals, and recommendations for the future

The HIV care continuum is a framework that models the dynamic stages of HIV care. The continuum consists of five main steps, which, at the population level, are depicted cross-sectionally as the HIV treatment ...

Authors: Emma Sophia Kay, D. Scott Batey and Michael J. Mugavero

Current trends and intricacies in the management of HIV-associated pulmonary tuberculosis

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic has undoubtedly increased the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) globally, posing a formidable global health challenge affecting 1.2 million cases. Pulmonary TB assumes ...

Authors: Narendran Gopalan, Padmapriyadarsini Chandrasekaran, Soumya Swaminathan and Srikanth Tripathy

Targeting vulnerable populations: a synthetic review on alcohol use and risky sexual behaviour among migrant populations

Research has demonstrated a link between alcohol use and risky sexual behaviour among different types of migrant populations. Therefore, research investigating risk factors associated with alcohol consumption ...

Authors: Emilia Maria Vaz Martins-Fonteyn, Nina Sommerland, Herman Meulemans, Olivier Degomme, Ines Raimundo and Edwin Wouters

Nutritional status and its effect on treatment outcome among HIV infected clients receiving HAART in Ethiopia: a cohort study

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of nutritional status at the start of highly active anti-retroviral therapy on treatment outcomes among HIV/AIDS patients taking HAART at Jimma University Spe...

Authors: Sadikalmahdi Hussen, Tefera Belachew and Nezif Hussien

Stem cell transplantation in strategies for curing HIV/AIDS

HIV-1 can persist in a latent form in resting memory CD4+ cells and macrophages carrying an integrated copy of the HIV genome. Because of the presence of these stable reservoir cells, eradication by antiretrov...

Authors: Gero Hütter

Dolutegravir(DTG, S/GSK1349572) combined with other ARTs is superior to RAL- or EFV-based regimens for treatment of HIV-1 infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

The first-generation integrase inhibitors (INIs) raltegravir (RAL) and elvitegravir (EVG) have shown efficacy against HIV infection, but they have the limitations of once-more daily dosing and extensive cross-...

Authors: Junjun Jiang, Xi Xu, Wenqin Guo, Jinming Su, Jiegang Huang, Bingyu Liang, Hui Chen, Ning Zang, Yanyan Liao, Li Ye and Hao Liang

Early infant diagnosis of HIV infection using DNA-PCR at a referral center: an 8 years retrospective analysis

Over the last decade, Ethiopia adopted different strategies of prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). Prior to implementation of Option A in 2011, there was no provision of prophylaxis for ...

Authors: Tolessa Olana, Tigist Bacha, Walelign Worku and Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse

The effect of Tenofovir on renal function among Ugandan adults on long-term antiretroviral therapy: a cross-sectional enrolment analysis

WHO recommends using Tenofovir containing first line antiretroviral therapy (ART), however, Tenofovir has been reported to be associated with renal impairment and dysfunction. We compared renal function among ...

Authors: Tino Salome, Ivan Kasamba, Billy Nsubuga Mayanja, Patrick Kazooba, Jackson Were, Pontiano Kaleebu and Paula Munderi

Antiretroviral treatment regardless of CD4 count: the universal answer to a contextual question

After a period where it was recommended to start antiretroviral therapy (ART) early, the CD4 threshold for treating asymptomatic adults dropped to 200/mm³ at the beginning of the 2000s. This was mostly due to a g...

Authors: Serge P. Eholié, Anani Badje, Gérard M. Kouame, Jean-Baptiste N’takpe, Raoul Moh, Christine Danel and Xavier Anglaret

Plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load rebound among people who inject drugs receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a Canadian setting: an ethno-epidemiological study

People who inject drugs (PWID) living with HIV often experience sub-optimal antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment outcomes, including HIV plasma viral load (PVL) rebound. While previous studies have identifie...

Authors: Will Small, M. J. Milloy, Ryan McNeil, Lisa Maher and Thomas Kerr

Risk factors for unstructured treatment interruptions and association with survival in low to middle income countries

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment interruptions lead to poor clinical outcomes with unplanned or unstructured TIs (uTIs) likely to be underreported. This study describes; uTIs, their risk factors and asso...

Authors: James H. McMahon, Tim Spelman, Nathan Ford, Jane Greig, Anita Mesic, Charles Ssonko, Esther C. Casas and Daniel P. O’Brien

Determinants of time to antiretroviral treatment initiation and subsequent mortality on treatment in a cohort in rural northern Malawi

To optimise care HIV patients need to be promptly initiated on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and subsequently retained on treatment. In this study we report on the interval between enrolment and treatment initi...

Authors: Jeremy Philip Brown, Bagrey Ngwira, Terence Tafatatha, Amelia Catharine Crampin, Neil French and Olivier Koole

Prevalence of HIV and hepatitis B coinfection in Ghana: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection has been associated with higher morbidity and mortality and may impact significantly on healthcare resource utilization. However, in G...

Authors: Akosua Adom Agyeman and Richard Ofori-Asenso

Integrated therapy for HIV and tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) has been the most common opportunistic infection and cause of mortality among HIV-infected patients, especially in resource-limited countries. Clinical manifestations of TB vary and depend on...

Authors: Weerawat Manosuthi, Surasak Wiboonchutikul and Somnuek Sungkanuparph

What happens to cardiovascular system behind the undetectable level of HIV viremia?

Despite the combined antiretroviral therapy has improved the length and quality of life of HIV infected patients, the survival of these patients is always decreased compared with the general population. This i...

Authors: Gabriella d’Ettorre, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Paolo Pavone, Pietro Vittozzi, Gabriella De Girolamo, Ivan Schietroma, Sara Serafino, Noemi Giustini and Vincenzo Vullo

Evolution of changes in cognitive function after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy

Cognitive function is reported to improve after the initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Data on the evolution of such changes are limited. We assessed the dynamics of changes in cognitive ...

Authors: Borja Mora-Peris, Elizabeth Stevens, Francesca Ferretti, Jonathan Underwood, Stephen Taylor and Alan Winston

Gut barrier structure, mucosal immunity and intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of HIV infection

Over the past 10 years, extensive work has been carried out in the field of microbial translocation in HIV infection, ranging from studies on its clinical significance to investigations on its pathogenic featu...

Authors: Camilla Tincati, Daniel C. Douek and Giulia Marchetti

Validation of a self-reported HIV symptoms list: the ISS-HIV symptoms scale

To describe the development and the psychometric properties of the Istituto Superiore di Sanità-HIV symptoms scale (lSS-HIV symptoms scale).

Authors: Raffaella Bucciardini, Katherina Pugliese, Daniela Francisci, Andrea Costantini, Elisabetta Schiaroli, Miriam Cognigni, Chiara Tontini, Stefano Lucattini, Luca Fucili, Massimiliano Di Gregorio, Marco Mirra, Vincenzo Fragola, Sara Pompili, Rita Murri and Stefano Vella

Incidence and risk factors for liver enzymes elevations in highly treatment-experienced patients switching from enfuvirtide to raltegravir: a sub-study of the ANRS-138 EASIER trial

In the ANRS EASIER trial where treatment-experienced patients switched from enfuvirtide (ENF) to raltegravir (RAL), a high incidence of transaminase elevation was reported in the RAL arm.

Authors: Nathalie de Castro, Joséphine Braun, Isabelle Charreau, Alain Lafeuillade, Jean-Paul Viard, Clotilde Allavena, Jean-Pierre Aboulker and Jean-Michel Molina

Factors associated with HIV viral load “blips” and the relationship between self-reported adherence and efavirenz blood levels on blip occurrence: a case–control study

The uncertain etiology of HIV viral load (VL) blips may lead to increased use of clinical resources. We evaluated the association of self-reported adherence (SRA) and antiretroviral (ART) drug levels on blip o...

Authors: Aaron Farmer, Xun Wang, Anuradha Ganesan, Robert G. Deiss, Brian K. Agan, Thomas A. O’Bryan, Kevin Akers and Jason F. Okulicz

The role of NK cells in HIV-1 protection: autologous, allogeneic or both?

Natural killer (NK) cells specialize in killing virally infected- or tumor cells and are part of the innate immune system. The activational state of NK cells is determined by the balance of incoming activating...

Authors: Jef Hens, Wim Jennes and Luc Kestens

Predictors of perceived male partner concurrency among women at risk for HIV and STI acquisition in Durban, South Africa

Women in sub-Saharan Africa continue to be at greater risk for HIV acquisition than men. Concurrency, viz. multiple sexual partnerships that overlap over time, has been studied as a possible risk factor for HI...

Authors: Zakir Gaffoor, Handan Wand, Renée A. Street, Nathlee Abbai and Gita Ramjee

Reviewer acknowledgement

Authors: Eric Arts and Mark Boyd

High prevalence of being Overweight and Obese HIV-infected persons, before and after 24 months on early ART in the ANRS 12136 Temprano Trial

HIV is usually associated with weight loss. World health Organization (WHO) recommends early antiretroviral (ART) initiation, but data on the progression of body mass index (BMI) in participants initiating ear...

Authors: Calixte Guehi, Anani Badjé, Delphine Gabillard, Eric Ouattara, Serge Olivier Koulé, Raoul Moh, Didier Ekouevi, Hugues Ahibo, Jean Baptiste N’Takpé, Gérard Kouamé Menan, Nina Deschamps, Jerôme Lecarrou, Serge Eholié, Xavier Anglaret and Christine Danel

Acceptability and use of ready-to-use supplementary food compared to corn–soy blend as a targeted ration in an HIV program in rural Haiti: a qualitative study

Ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF) is increasingly used as a component of food rations for adults with HIV.

Authors: Anne G. Beckett, Debbie Humphries, J. Gregory Jerome, Jessica E. Teng, Patrick Ulysse and Louise C. Ivers

Rate of initial highly active anti-retroviral therapy regimen change and its predictors among adult HIV patients at University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a retrospective follow up study

Regimen change is a major challenge for the sustainability of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment program. In a resource limited setting where treatment options are limited, designing strategies to in...

Authors: Degefaye Zelalem Anlay, Zinahbizu Abay Alemayehu and Berihun Assefa Dachew

Assessing the sensitivity and specificity of First Response HIV-1-2 test kit with whole blood and serum samples: a cross-sectional study

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Rapid diagnostic Test (RDT) kits are the preferred assays for HIV testing in many countries. Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission, Know Your Status Campaigns, Blood-Saf...

Authors: Raymond Boadu, George Darko, Priscilla Nortey, Patricia Akweongo and Bismark Sarfo

Combination of long-acting HIV fusion inhibitor albuvirtide and LPV/r showed potent efficacy in HIV-1 patients

Long acting antiretroviral drugs represent a promising approach for chronic treatment of HIV infection. Here, we study the efficacy and safety of albuvirtide (ABT), an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor with a half life ...

Authors: Hongwei Zhang, Ronghua Jin, Cheng Yao, Tong Zhang, Meixia Wang, Wei Xia, Haiyan Peng, Xiaojuan Wang, Rongjian Lu, Changjin Wang, Dong Xie and Hao Wu

The antiviral compound BIT225 inhibits HIV-1 replication in myeloid dendritic cells

Previous studies with BIT225 (N-carbamimidoyl-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-naphthamide) have demonstrated a unique antiviral activity that blocks the release of HIV-1 from monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). An...

Authors: Gabriela Khoury, Gary Ewart, Carolyn Luscombe, Michelle Miller and John Wilkinson

Sero-prevalence of HBV and associated risk factors among HIV positive individuals attending ART clinic at Mekelle hospital, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

Because of the shared mean of transmission, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of an important cause of co-morbidity and mortality in peoples living with HIV/AIDS. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the...

Authors: Letebrhan Weldemhret, Tsehaye Asmelash, Rashmi Belodu and Dawit Gebreegziabiher

Sexually transmitted infections and pre-exposure prophylaxis: challenges and opportunities among men who have sex with men in the US

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) has shown high efficacy in preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in several large clinical trials, and more recently in “...

Authors: Hyman M. Scott and Jeffrey D. Klausner

The adult prevalence of HIV in Zambia: results from a population based mobile testing survey conducted in 2013–2014

To estimate the adult prevalence of HIV among the adult population in Zambia and determine whether demographic characteristics were associated with being HIV positive.

Authors: Pascalina Chanda-Kapata, Nathan Kapata, Eveline Klinkenberg, Ngosa William, Liwewe Mazyanga, Katoba Musukwa, Elizabeth Chizema Kawesha, Felix Masiye and Peter Mwaba

HIV-1 genetic diversity and its distribution characteristics among newly diagnosed HIV-1 individuals in Hebei province, China

Since the first HIV-1 case in 1989, Hebei province has presented a clearly rising trend of HIV-1 prevalence, and HIV-1 genetic diversity has become the vital barrier to HIV prevention and control in this area....

Authors: Xinli Lu, Cuiying Zhao, Wei Wang, Chenxi Nie, Yuqi Zhang, Hongru Zhao, Suliang Chen and Ze Cui

Factors associated with the first antiretroviral therapy modification in older HIV-1 positive patients

Rates of first antiretroviral therapy (cART) modifications are high in most observational studies. The age-related differences in treatment duration and characteristics of first cART modifications remain under...

Authors: Justyna D. Kowalska, Joanna Kubicka, Ewa Siwak, Piotr Pulik, Ewa Firląg-Burkacka and Andrzej Horban

Spectrum of false positivity for the fourth generation human immunodeficiency virus diagnostic tests

Novel fourth generation screening and confirmatory human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) assays are now commercially available and incorporated into new diagnostic algorithms. We report two cases involving a tota...

Authors: Peter Liu, Patrick Jackson, Nathan Shaw and Scott Heysell