Extramarital sex is a potential driver of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission for long-term couples in sub-Saharan Africa. It is increasingly recognized that preventing sexual risk behaviours requi...
Authors: Sally M. Mtenga, Constanze Pfeiffer, Marcel Tanner, Eveline Geubbels and Sonja Merten
The prevalence of HIV-1 resistance to antiretroviral therapies (ART) has declined in high-income countries over recent years, but drug resistance remains a substantial concern in many low and middle-income cou...
Authors: Oliver T. Stirrup, David T. Dunn, Anna Tostevin, Caroline A. Sabin, Anton Pozniak, David Asboe, Alison Cox, Chloe Orkin, Fabiola Martin and Patricia Cane
While efficacy data exist, there are limited data on the outcomes of patients on third-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa in actual practice. Being able to identify predictors of switch to...
Authors: Denise Evans, Kamban Hirasen, Rebecca Berhanu, Given Malete, Prudence Ive, David Spencer, Sharlaa Badal-Faesen, Ian M. Sanne and Matthew P. Fox
As part of efforts to improve the prevention of mother-to-child transmission in Northern Uganda, we explored reasons for poor viral suppression among 122 pregnant and lactating women who were in care, received...
Authors: Tamara Nsubuga-Nyombi, Simon Sensalire, Esther Karamagi, Judith Aloyo, John Byabagambi, Mirwais Rahimzai, Linda Kisaakye Nabitaka and Jacqueline Calnan
Understanding the circumstances of adolescents living with HIV is critical in designing adolescent-friendly services that will facilitate successful transition from pediatric to adult care. This study describe...
Authors: Graham Toth, Gitau Mburu, Sovannary Tuot, Vohith Khol, Chanrith Ngin, Pheak Chhoun and Siyan Yi
HIV infection causes upregulation of markers of inflammation, immune activation and apoptosis of host adaptive, and innate immune cells particularly monocytes, natural killer (NK) and innate lymphoid cells (IL...
Authors: Rose Nabatanzi, Stephen Cose, Moses Joloba, Sarah Rowland Jones and Damalie Nakanjako
To assess the prevalence of non-AIDS co-morbidities (NACs) and predictors of adverse health outcomes amongst people living with HIV in order to identify health needs and potential gaps in patient management.
Authors: Derek J. Chan, Virginia Furner, Don E. Smith, Mithilesh Dronavalli, Rohan I. Bopage, Jeffrey J. Post and Anjali K. Bhardwaj
Criteria for the 2007 WHO algorithm for diagnosing tuberculosis among HIV-infected seriously ill patients are the presence of one or more danger signs (respiratory rate > 30/min, heart rate > 120/min, temperat...
Authors: Rulan Griesel, Annemie Stewart, Helen van der Plas, Welile Sikhondze, Marc Mendelson and Gary Maartens
Despite the conventional approaches to HIV prevention being the bedrock for early reductions in HIV infections in Uganda, innovations that demonstrate reduction in risk to infection in vulnerable populations n...
Authors: Esther Karamagi, Simon Sensalire, Juliana Nabwire, John Byabagambi, Alfred O. Awio, George Aluma, Mirwais Rahimzai, Jacqueline Calnan and Sheila Kyobutungi
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and its major complication pulmonary embolism (PE) are collectively known as venous thromboembolism. In Uganda, the prevalence of DVT among HIV patients has not been previously pub...
Authors: Sosthene Tsongo Vululi, Samuel Bugeza, Muyinda Zeridah, Henry Ddungu, Akello Betty Openy, Mubiru Frank and Rosalind Parkes-Ratanshi
Concurrent with the UNAIDS 90-90-90 and NHAS plans, the District of Columbia (DC) launched its 90/90/90/50 plan (Plan) in 2015. The Plan proposes that by 2020, 90% of all DC residents will know their HIV status; ...
Authors: Suparna Das, Jenevieve Opoku, Michael Kharfen and Adam Allston
Mental health (MH) comorbidities reduce retention in care for persons living with HIV (PLWH) and are associated with poor health outcomes. Optimizing retention in primary care is vital, as poor retention is as...
Authors: Lauren A. Saag, Ashutosh R. Tamhane, D. Scott Batey, Michael J. Mugavero and Ellen F. Eaton
We evaluate the impact of clinic-based PMTCT community support by trained lay health workers in addition to standard clinical care on PMTCT infant outcomes.
Authors: Karl Peltzer, Stephen M. Weiss, Manasi Soni, Tae Kyoung Lee, Violeta J. Rodriguez, Ryan Cook, Maria Luisa Alcaide, Geoffrey Setswe and Deborah L. Jones
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has modified the natural history of HIV-infection: the incidence of opportunistic infections (OIs) has decreased and mortality associated to HIV has improved dramatically. The reas...
Authors: María Fernanda Álvarez Barreneche, Carlos Andrés Restrepo Castro, Alicia Hidrón Botero, Juan Pablo Villa Franco, Ivan Mauricio Trompa Romero, Laura Restrepo Carvajal, Alejandro Eusse García, Adriana Ocampo Mesa, Lina María Echeverri Toro, Glenys Patricia Porras Fernández de Castro, Jaime Mauricio Ramírez Rivera and Carlos Andrés Agudelo Restrepo
As a simplification strategy for treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients who have achieved virologic suppression on a multi-drug, multi-class antiretroviral regimen, the aim of this study was to evaluate t...
Authors: Marianne Harris, Bruce Ganase, Birgit Watson, P. Richard Harrigan, Julio S. G. Montaner and Mark W. Hull
For patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART), treatment interruptions can impact patient outcomes and result in the accumulation of drug resistance mutations leading to virologic failure. There are minimal pub...
Authors: Seema T. Meloni, Beth Chaplin, John Idoko, Oche Agbaji, Sulaimon Akanmu, Godwin Imade, Prosper Okonkwo, Robert L. Murphy and Phyllis J. Kanki
Plant extracts are sources of valuable compounds with biological activity, especially for the anti-proliferative activity against pathogens or tumor cells. Myricetin is a flavonoid found in several plants that...
Authors: Joseph T. Ortega, Alirica I. Suárez, Maria L. Serrano, Jani Baptista, Flor H. Pujol and Hector R. Rangel
Clinicians are incorporating patient-reported outcomes in the management of HIV-infected persons co-infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), but there are no validated inventories to monitor symptoms of patients...
Authors: Edward R. Cachay, Craig Ballard, Bradford Colwell, Francesca Torriani, Charles Hicks and Wm. Christopher Mathews
The success of many current vaccines relies on a formulation that incorporates an immune activating adjuvant. This will hold true for the design of a successful therapeutic HIV vaccine targeted at controlling ...
Collective evidence supporting a role of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) in controlling HIV-1 transmission and disease progression emerged in the last few years. Non-neutralizing antibodie...
Authors: Jonathan Richard, Shilei Ding and Andrés Finzi
Despite the tremendous success of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) no current treatment can eradicate latent HIV reservoirs from HIV-infected individuals or generate, effective HIV-specific immunity. Technologica...
Authors: Amy E. Baxter, Julia Niessl, Antigoni Morou and Daniel E. Kaufmann
The anti-HIV activity of natural killer (NK) cells could be induced fast enough to potentially prevent the establishment of HIV infection. Epidemiological studies identified two genotypes encoding NK receptors...
Finding new adjuvants is an integrated component of the efforts in developing an effective HIV-1 vaccine. Compared with traditional adjuvants, a modern adjuvant in the context of HIV-1 prevention would elicit ...
Despite the significant success of combination anti-retroviral therapy to reduce HIV viremia and save lives, HIV-1 infection remains a lifelong infection that must be appropriately managed. Advances in the und...
Authors: Joshua Pankrac, Katja Klein and Jamie F. S. Mann
HIV preferentially infects activated CD4+ T cells and mutates rapidly. The classical vaccine approach aimed to generate broad immune responses to full HIV proteins largely failed to address the potential adver...
Authors: Hongzhao Li, Robert W. Omange, Francis A. Plummer and Ma Luo
Circumcision reduces heterosexual HIV-1 acquisition in men by at least 60%. However, the biological mechanisms by which circumcision is protective remain incompletely understood. We test the hypothesis that th...
Chronic infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes HIV-specific CD8+ T cell dysfunction and exhaustion. The strong association between non-progression and maintenance of HIV-specific CD8+ T cell cyt...
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), like many other Rhabdoviruses, have become the focus of intense research over the past couple of decades based on their suitability as vaccine vectors, transient gene delivery...
Authors: Trina Racine, Gary P. Kobinger and Eric J. Arts
The quest for an effective HIV-1 vaccine began as soon as the virus causing AIDS was identified. After several disappointing attempts, results of the Phase-III RV144 trial in Thailand were a beacon of hope for...
The development of an efficient prophylactic HIV vaccine has been one of the major challenges in infectious disease research during the last three decades. Here, we present a mini review on strategies employed...
While the prevalence of Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection has stabilized globally, it continues to be the leading cause of death among women of reproductive age. The majority of new infections a...
Authors: Danielle Vitali, Jocelyn M. Wessels and Charu Kaushic
APOBEC3G (A3G) and APOBEC3F (A3F) are DNA-mutating enzymes expressed in T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages. A3G/F have been considered innate immune host factors, based on reports that they lethally muta...
For over three decades, HIV infection has had a tremendous impact on the lives of individuals and public health. Microbicides and vaccines studies have shown that immune activation at the genital tract is a ri...
Authors: Julie Lajoie, Lucy Mwangi and Keith R. Fowke
The extreme HIV diversity posts a great challenge on development of an effective anti-HIV vaccine. To solve this problem, it is crucial to discover an appropriate immunogens and strategies that are able to pre...
We present a small longitudinal study of how demographic factors and persistent burdens of HIV and cytomegalovirus (CMV) influence cardiovascular health in young adults beginning ART in an inner-city clinic in...
We hypothesized that frailty acts as a measure of health outcomes in the context of LT. The aim of this study was to explore frailty index across LT, as a measure of morbidity and mortality. This was a retrosp...
Authors: Giovanni Guaraldi, Giovanni Dolci, Stefano Zona, Giuseppe Tarantino, Valentina Serra, Roberto Ballarin, Erica Franceschini, Mauro Codeluppi, Thomas D. Brothers, Cristina Mussini and Fabrizio Di Benedetto
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has significantly reduced HIV morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries. However, the sustainability of cART may be compromised by the emergen...
Authors: Elizabeth M. Etta, Lufuno Mavhandu, Cecile Manhaeve, Keanan McGonigle, Patrick Jackson, David Rekosh, Marie-Louise Hammarskjold, Pascal O. Bessong and Denis M. Tebit
Bone health status is largely absent in South Africa, the main reasons being the absence and cost-effectiveness of specific screening equipment for assessing bone mineral density (BMD). Various risk factors se...
Safety and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus (qHPV) vaccine were evaluated in HIV-positive Spanish MSM. The prevalence of High Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (HSIL) and genotypes of hig...
Authors: Carmen Hidalgo-Tenorio, Jessica Ramírez-Taboada, Concepción Gil-Anguita, Javier Esquivias, Mohamed Omar-Mohamed-Balgahata, Antonio SamPedro, Miguel Lopez-Ruz and Juan Pasquau
Preparing adolescents for transition into adult care and supporting their acquisition of self-health care management skills is a critical determinant of their post-transition HIV care outcomes. However, there ...
Current treatment for HIV-1 largely relies on chemotherapy through the administration of antiretroviral drugs. While the search for anti-HIV-1 vaccine remain elusive, the use of highly active antiretroviral th...
Authors: Alexander Kwarteng, Samuel Terkper Ahuno and Godwin Kwakye-Nuako
Host immune responses during acute HIV-1 infection can influence the viral setpoint, which is a predictor of disease progression. Interferon (IFN)-lambdas are newly classified type III interferons, which use J...
Authors: Guoxian Zhao, Lifeng Liu, Bin Su, Tong Zhang, Peng Chen, Wei Li and Hao Wu
To investigate the predictive factors for the development of Kaposi sarcoma-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (KS-IRIS) and long-term prognosis in patients starting combined antiretroviral th...
There is growing evidence of the negative impact of alcohol on morbidity and mortality of individuals living with HIV but limited evidence of in utero effects of HIV and alcohol on exposure on infants.
Authors: Kirsten A. M. Donald, Anne Fernandez, Kasey Claborn, Caroline Kuo, Nastassja Koen, Heather Zar and Dan J. Stein
Abacavir and rilpivirine are alternative antiretroviral drugs for treatment-naïve HIV-infected patients. However, both drugs are only recommended for the patients who have pre-treatment HIV RNA <100,000 copies...
Authors: Sasisopin Kiertiburanakul, David Boettiger, Oon Tek Ng, Nguyen Van Kinh, Tuti Parwati Merati, Anchalee Avihingsanon, Wing-Wai Wong, Man Po Lee, Romanee Chaiwarith, Adeeba Kamarulzaman, Pacharee Kantipong, Fujie Zhang, Jun Yong Choi, Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy, Rossana Ditangco, Do Duy Cuong…
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) improves the survival and quality of life of HIV-positive individuals, but the effects of long-term ART use do eventually manifest. The Complications of Long-Term Antiretroviral Th...
Authors: Billy Nsubuga Mayanja, Ivan Kasamba, Jonathan Levin, Ivan Namakoola, Patrick Kazooba, Jackson Were, Pontiano Kaleebu and Paula Munderi
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) can manifest with initiation or reintroduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in persons living with HIV (PLWH). In 2012, updated United States treatment gui...
Authors: Peter Liu, Rebecca Dillingham and Kathleen A. McManus
CSF PCR is the standard diagnostic technique used in resource-rich settings to detect pathogens of the CNS infection. However, it is not currently used for routine CSF testing in China. Knowledge of CNS opport...
