World Health Organization. Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings: Treatment guidelines for a public health approach. 2003. Accessed Jan 2011.
Gallant JE, Staszewski S, Pozniak AL, DeJesus E, Suleiman JM, Miller MD, et al. Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DF vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients: a 3-year randomized trial. JAMA. 2004;292(2):191–201.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boulle A, Orrel C, Kaplan R, Van Cutsem G, McNally M, Hilderbrand K, et al. Substitutions due to antiretroviral toxicity or contraindication in the first 3 years of antiretroviral therapy in a large South African cohort. Antivir Ther. 2007;12(5):753–60.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Castelnuovo B, Kiragga A, Kamya MR, Manabe Y. Stavudine toxicity in women is the main reason for treatment change in a 3-year prospective cohort of adult patients started on first-line antiretroviral treatment in Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;56(1):59–63.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Inzaule S, Otieno J, Kalyango J, Nafisa L, Kabugo C, Nalusiba J, et al. Incidence and predictors of first line antiretroviral regimen modification in western Kenya. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(4):e93106.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Castelnuovo B, Manabe YC, Kiragga A, Kamya M, Easterbrook P, Kambugu A. Cause-specific mortality and the contribution of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in the first 3 years after antiretroviral therapy initiation in an urban African cohort. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(6):965–72.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Uhanda Ministry of Health. National Antiretroviral treatment and Care Guidelines for Adults and Children. 2nd edition 2008. Accessed Aug 2011.
Brennan AT, Davies MA, Bor J, Wandeler G, Stinson K, Wood R, et al. Has the phasing out of stavudine in accordance with changes in WHO guidelines led to a decrease in single-drug substitutions in first-line antiretroviral therapy for HIV in sub-Saharan Africa? AIDS. 2017;31(1):147–57.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents. Recommendation for a public health approach. 2010. Accessed Jan 2011.
Chi BH, Mwango A, Giganti M, Mulenga LB, Tambatamba-Chapula B, Reid SE, et al. Early clinical and programmatic outcomes with tenofovir-based antiretroviral therapy in Zambia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;54(1):63–70.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Velen K, Lewis JJ, Charalambous S, Grant AD, Churchyard GJ, Hoffmann CJ. Comparison of tenofovir, zidovudine, or stavudine as part of first-line antiretroviral therapy in a resource-limited-setting: a cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(5):e64459.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bygrave H, Ford N, van Cutsem G, Hilderbrand K, Jouquet G, Goemaere E, et al. Implementing a tenofovir-based first-line regimen in rural Lesotho: clinical outcomes and toxicities after two years. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;56(3):e75–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Njuguna C, Orrell C, Kaplan R, Bekker LG, Wood R, Lawn SD. Rates of switching antiretroviral drugs in a primary care service in South Africa before and after introduction of tenofovir. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(5):e63596.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Use of antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants—Programmatic update. WHO: Geneva; 2012. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70892/2/WHO_HIV_2012.6_eng.pdf. Accessed June 2017.
Gupta RK, Hill A, Sawyer AW, Cozzi-Lepri A, von Wyl V, Yerly S, et al. Virological monitoring and resistance to first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with HIV-1 treated under WHO guidelines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(7):409–17.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hamers RL, Wallis CL, Kityo C, Siwale M, Mandaliya K, Conradie F, et al. HIV-1 drug resistance in antiretroviral-naive individuals in sub-Saharan Africa after rollout of antiretroviral therapy: a multicentre observational study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(10):750–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: recommendations for a public health approach 2006. Accessed Jan 2011.
Reynolds SJ, Nakigozi G, Newell K, Ndyanabo A, Galiwongo R, Boaz I, et al. Failure of immunologic criteria to appropriately identify antiretroviral treatment failure in Uganda. AIDS. 2009;23(6):697–700.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Castelnuovo B, Kiragga A, Schaefer P, Kambugu A, Manabe Y. High rate of misclassification of treatment failure based on WHO immunological criteria. AIDS. 2009;23(10):1295-6; author reply 6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sigaloff KC, Hamers RL, Wallis CL, Kityo C, Siwale M, Ive P, et al. Unnecessary antiretroviral treatment switches and accumulation of HIV resistance mutations; two arguments for viral load monitoring in Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;58(1):23–31.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nwaka S, Ochem A, Besson D, Ramirez B, Fakorede F, Botros S, et al. Analysis of pan-African Centres of excellence in health innovation highlights opportunities and challenges for local innovation and financing in the continent. BMC Int Health Human Rights. 2012;12:11.
Article
Google Scholar
Castelnuovo B, Nsumba M, Musomba R, Kaimal A, Lwanga I, Kambugu A, et al. Strengthening the “Viral failure pathway”: clinical decision and outcomes of patients with confirmed viral failure in a large HIV Care Clinic in Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;70(5):e174–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Babigumira JB, Castelnuovo B, Lamorde M, Kambugu A, Stergachis A, Easterbrook P, et al. Potential impact of task-shifting on costs of antiretroviral therapy and physician supply in Uganda. BMC Health Serv Res. 2009;9:192.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Castelnuovo B, Kiragga A, Afayo V, Ncube M, Orama R, Magero S, et al. Implementation of provider-based electronic medical records and improvement of the quality of data in a large HIV program in Sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(12):e51631.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Musaazi J, Sekaggya-Wiltshire C, Kiragga AN, Kalule I, Reynolds SJ, Manabe YC, et al. Sustained positive impact on tuberculosis treatment outcomes of TB-HIV integrated care in Uganda. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2019;23(4):514–21.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kitahata MM, Gange SJ, Abraham AG, Merriman B, Saag MS, Justice AC, et al. Effect of early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy for HIV on survival. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(18):1815–26.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Castelnuovo B, Mubiru F, Kiragga AN, Musomba R, Mbabazi O, Gonza P, et al. Antiretroviral treatment Long-Term (ALT) cohort: a prospective cohort of 10 years of ART-experienced patients in Uganda. BMJ Open. 2018;8(2):e015490.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Castelnuovo B, Mubiru F, Kiragga A, Reynolds SJ. Compliance to guidelines for vira load testing in resource limited settings. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) Boston 4–7 March 2019.
Labhardt ND, Ringera I, Lejone TI, Cheleboi M, Wagner S, Muhairwe J, et al. When patients fail UNAIDS’ last 90—the “failure cascade” beyond 90–90–90 in rural Lesotho, Southern Africa: a prospective cohort study. J Int AIDS Soc. 2017;20(1):21803.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dimala CA, Bechem NN, Aroke D, Kadia BM. Motives for change of first-line antiretroviral therapy regimens in an unselected cohort of HIV/AIDS patients at a major referral centre in South-west Cameroon. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10(1):623.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Keiser O, MacPhail P, Boulle A, Wood R, Schechter M, Dabis F, et al. Accuracy of WHO CD4 cell count criteria for virological failure of antiretroviral therapy. Trop Med Int Health. 2009;14(10):1220–5.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rawizza HE, Chaplin B, Meloni ST, Eisen G, Rao T, Sankale JL, et al. Immunologic criteria are poor predictors of virologic outcome: implications for HIV treatment monitoring in resource-limited settings. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(12):1283–90.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Keiser O, Tweya H, Boulle A, Braitstein P, Schecter M, Brinkhof MW, et al. Switching to second-line antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings: comparison of programmes with and without viral load monitoring. AIDS. 2009;23(14):1867–74.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar