Articles

What causes non-adherence among some individuals on long term antiretroviral therapy? Experiences of individuals with poor viral suppression in Uganda

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) use by people living with HIV reduces HIV transmission, morbidity, mortality, and improves quality of life. Good ART adherence is required to achieve these benefits. We investigate...

Authors: Dominic Bukenya, Billy Nsubuga Mayanja, Sarah Nakamanya, Richard Muhumuza and Janet Seeley

HLA-B*57:01 screening and hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir between 1999 and 2016 in the OPERA^® observational database: a cohort study

HLA-B*57:01 screening was added to clinical care guidelines in 2008 to reduce the risk of hypersensitivity reaction from abacavir. The uptake of HLA-B*57:01 screening and incidence of hypersensitivity reaction...

Authors: Karam Mounzer, Ricky Hsu, Jennifer S. Fusco, Laurence Brunet, Cassidy E. Henegar, Vani Vannappagari, Chris M. Stainsby, Mark S. Shaefer, Leigh Ragone and Gregory P. Fusco

Looking at the positives: proactive management of STIs in people with HIV

Patients who are HIV-positive and co-infected with other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are at risk of increased morbidity and mortality. This is of clinical significance. There has been a dramatic inc...

Authors: Carole Khaw, Daniel Richardson, Gail Matthews and Tim Read

Two cases of relapsed HIV-associated visceral leishmaniasis successfully treated with combination therapy

The management of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in HIV-infected patients is often complex with patients experiencing higher mortality rates, more toxic side effects and a higher possibility of treatment failure ...

Authors: Antonio Mastroianni, Paolo Gaibani, Giada Rossini, Caterina Vocale, Maria Carla Re, Gianfranco Ravaglia, Vittorio Sambri and Stefania Varani

Smoking and HIV: what are the risks and what harm reduction strategies do we have at our disposal?

The World Health Organization estimates that smoking poses one of the greatest global health risks in the general population. Rates of current smoking among people living with HIV (PLHIV) are 2–3 times that of...

Authors: Michelle L. Giles, Coral Gartner and Mark A. Boyd

Association between quantitative varicella-zoster virus antibody levels and zoster reactivation in HIV-infected persons

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation is common but difficult to predict in HIV-infected persons.

Authors: Heather S. Pomerantz, Xiaohe Xu, James White, T. S. Sunil, Robert G. Deiss, Anuradha Ganesan, Brian K. Agan and Jason F. Okulicz

Cost and cost-effectiveness of voluntary medical male circumcision in street-connected youth: findings from an education-based pilot intervention in Eldoret, Kenya

Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) is a critical component of HIV prevention. VMMC policies have achieved initial targets in adult men yet continue to fall short in reaching younger men and adolescents.

Authors: O. Galárraga, P. Shah, M. Wilson-Barthes, D. Ayuku and P. Braitstein

Long-term virological outcome in children receiving first-line antiretroviral therapy

Studies relating to long-term virological outcomes among children on first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) from low and middle-income countries are limited.

Authors: Padmapriyadarsini Chandrasekaran, Anita Shet, Ramalingam Srinivasan, G. N. Sanjeeva, Sudha Subramanyan, Suba Sunderesan, Karunaianantham Ramesh, Bindu Gopalan, Elumalai Suresh, Navaneethan Poornagangadevi, Luke E. Hanna, Chockalingam Chandrasekar, Christine Wanke and Soumya Swaminathan

Ageing in patients with chronic HIV infection: impact of hypercoagulation

Ageing is the result of biological events that progressively and irreversibly compromise the function of vital organs and eventually result in death. There is a general perception that ageing is accelerated in...

Authors: Stephen J. Kent and Charles Flexner

Processes and dynamics of linkage to care from mobile/outreach and facility-based HIV testing models in hard-to-reach settings in rural Tanzania. Qualitative findings of a mixed methods study

Like other countries, Tanzania instituted mobile and outreach testing approaches to address low HIV testing rates at health facilities and enhance linkage to care. Available evidence from hard-to-reach rural s...

Authors: Erica S. Sanga, Ferdinand C. Mukumbang, Adiel K. Mushi, Willyhelmina Olomi, Wondwossen Lerebo and Christina Zarowsky

Factors associated with viral non-suppression among adolescents living with HIV in Cambodia: a cross-sectional study

Adolescents living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) have worse treatment adherence, viral suppression, and mortality rates compared to adults. This study investigated factors associated with viral non-...

Authors: Kolab Chhim, Gitau Mburu, Sovannary Tuot, Ratana Sopha, Vohith Khol, Pheak Chhoun and Siyan Yi

Frailty in people living with HIV

The life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLHIV) has dramatically improved with effective and well-tolerated antiretroviral therapy. This presents a new challenge in caring for this patient population, wi...

Authors: Mark Bloch

Characterization of minority HIV-1 drug resistant variants in the United Kingdom following the verification of a deep sequencing-based HIV-1 genotyping and tropism assay

The widespread global access to antiretroviral drugs has led to considerable reductions in morbidity and mortality but, unfortunately, the risk of virologic failure increases with the emergence, and potential ...

Authors: Nicholas Silver, Mary Paynter, Georgina McAllister, Maureen Atchley, Christine Sayir, John Short, Dane Winner, David J. Alouani, Freddie H. Sharkey, Kicki Bergefall, Kate Templeton, David Carrington and Miguel E. Quiñones-Mateu

A meta-analysis comparing 48-week treatment outcomes of single and multi-tablet antiretroviral regimens for the treatment of people living with HIV

To compare outcomes with single tablet regimens (STR) versus multi-tablet regimens (MTR) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment using published data.

Authors: Patrick G. Clay, Wei C. Yuet, Christiane H. Moecklinghoff, Inge Duchesne, Krzysztof L. Tronczyński, Sandip Shah and Dong Shao

Non-AIDS defining cancer (NADC) among HIV-infected patients at an oncology tertiary-care center in Mexico

Non-AIDS defining cancers (NADCs) have been an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV. There is no data on the spectrum of NADCs in Mexico. We describe the type of neoplasms, clinical...

Authors: P. Cornejo-Juárez, D. Cavildo-Jerónimo and P. Volkow-Fernández

Risky sexual behavior among patients on long-term antiretroviral therapy: a prospective cohort study in urban and rural Uganda

While the effects of initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) on risky sexual behavior have been extensively studied, less is known about the long-term changes in risky sexual behavior over time in resourc...

Authors: Stephen Okoboi, Barbara Castelnuovo, David M. Moore, Joseph Musaazi, Andrew Kambugu, Josephine Birungi, Pontiano Kaleebu, Mastula Nanfuka, Moses R. Kamya and Annelies Van Rie

Increases in condomless chemsex associated with HIV acquisition in MSM but not heterosexuals attending a HIV testing center in Antwerp, Belgium

It has been speculated that the prevalence of chemsex is increasing in men who have sex with men and that this may be playing a role in the spread of HIV.

Authors: Chris Kenyon, Kristien Wouters, Tom Platteau, Jozefien Buyze and Eric Florence

CD4/CD8 ratio normalization rates and low ratio as prognostic marker for non-AIDS defining events among long-term virologically suppressed people living with HIV

Immune restoration is often incomplete after ART in HIV patients, both quantitatively and qualitatively. We studied the incidence and probability of CD4/CD8 normalization in an adult Thai HIV cohort and explor...

Authors: Win Min Han, Tanakorn Apornpong, Stephen J. Kerr, Akarin Hiransuthikul, Sivaporn Gatechompol, Tanya Do, Kiat Ruxrungtham and Anchalee Avihingsanon

Linking gender, extramarital affairs, and HIV: a mixed methods study on contextual determinants of extramarital affairs in rural Tanzania

Extramarital sex is a potential driver of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission for long-term couples in sub-Saharan Africa. It is increasingly recognized that preventing sexual risk behaviours requi...

Authors: Sally M. Mtenga, Constanze Pfeiffer, Marcel Tanner, Eveline Geubbels and Sonja Merten

Risk factors and outcomes for the Q151M and T69 insertion HIV-1 resistance mutations in historic UK data

The prevalence of HIV-1 resistance to antiretroviral therapies (ART) has declined in high-income countries over recent years, but drug resistance remains a substantial concern in many low and middle-income cou...

Authors: Oliver T. Stirrup, David T. Dunn, Anna Tostevin, Caroline A. Sabin, Anton Pozniak, David Asboe, Alison Cox, Chloe Orkin, Fabiola Martin and Patricia Cane

Predictors of switch to and early outcomes on third-line antiretroviral therapy at a large public-sector clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa

While efficacy data exist, there are limited data on the outcomes of patients on third-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa in actual practice. Being able to identify predictors of switch to...

Authors: Denise Evans, Kamban Hirasen, Rebecca Berhanu, Given Malete, Prudence Ive, David Spencer, Sharlaa Badal-Faesen, Ian M. Sanne and Matthew P. Fox

Multivariate analysis of covariates of adherence among HIV-positive mothers with low viral suppression

As part of efforts to improve the prevention of mother-to-child transmission in Northern Uganda, we explored reasons for poor viral suppression among 122 pregnant and lactating women who were in care, received...

Authors: Tamara Nsubuga-Nyombi, Simon Sensalire, Esther Karamagi, Judith Aloyo, John Byabagambi, Mirwais Rahimzai, Linda Kisaakye Nabitaka and Jacqueline Calnan

Social-support needs among adolescents living with HIV in transition from pediatric to adult care in Cambodia: findings from a cross-sectional study

Understanding the circumstances of adolescents living with HIV is critical in designing adolescent-friendly services that will facilitate successful transition from pediatric to adult care. This study describe...

Authors: Graham Toth, Gitau Mburu, Sovannary Tuot, Vohith Khol, Chanrith Ngin, Pheak Chhoun and Siyan Yi

Effects of HIV infection and ART on phenotype and function of circulating monocytes, natural killer, and innate lymphoid cells

HIV infection causes upregulation of markers of inflammation, immune activation and apoptosis of host adaptive, and innate immune cells particularly monocytes, natural killer (NK) and innate lymphoid cells (IL...

Authors: Rose Nabatanzi, Stephen Cose, Moses Joloba, Sarah Rowland Jones and Damalie Nakanjako

Non-AIDS complexity amongst patients living with HIV in Sydney: risk factors and health outcomes

To assess the prevalence of non-AIDS co-morbidities (NACs) and predictors of adverse health outcomes amongst people living with HIV in order to identify health needs and potential gaps in patient management.

Authors: Derek J. Chan, Virginia Furner, Don E. Smith, Mithilesh Dronavalli, Rohan I. Bopage, Jeffrey J. Post and Anjali K. Bhardwaj

Prognostic indicators in the World Health Organization’s algorithm for seriously ill HIV-infected inpatients with suspected tuberculosis

Criteria for the 2007 WHO algorithm for diagnosing tuberculosis among HIV-infected seriously ill patients are the presence of one or more danger signs (respiratory rate > 30/min, heart rate > 120/min, temperat...

Authors: Rulan Griesel, Annemie Stewart, Helen van der Plas, Welile Sikhondze, Marc Mendelson and Gary Maartens

Quality improvement as a framework for behavior change interventions in HIV-predisposed communities: a case of adolescent girls and young women in northern Uganda

Despite the conventional approaches to HIV prevention being the bedrock for early reductions in HIV infections in Uganda, innovations that demonstrate reduction in risk to infection in vulnerable populations n...

Authors: Esther Karamagi, Simon Sensalire, Juliana Nabwire, John Byabagambi, Alfred O. Awio, George Aluma, Mirwais Rahimzai, Jacqueline Calnan and Sheila Kyobutungi

Prevalence of lower limb deep venous thrombosis among adult HIV positive patients attending an outpatient clinic at Mulago Hospital

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and its major complication pulmonary embolism (PE) are collectively known as venous thromboembolism. In Uganda, the prevalence of DVT among HIV patients has not been previously pub...

Authors: Sosthene Tsongo Vululi, Samuel Bugeza, Muyinda Zeridah, Henry Ddungu, Akello Betty Openy, Mubiru Frank and Rosalind Parkes-Ratanshi

Geographic patterns of poor HIV/AIDS care continuum in District of Columbia

Concurrent with the UNAIDS 90-90-90 and NHAS plans, the District of Columbia (DC) launched its 90/90/90/50 plan (Plan) in 2015. The Plan proposes that by 2020, 90% of all DC residents will know their HIV status; ...

Authors: Suparna Das, Jenevieve Opoku, Michael Kharfen and Adam Allston

Mental health service utilization is associated with retention in care among persons living with HIV at a university-affiliated HIV clinic

Mental health (MH) comorbidities reduce retention in care for persons living with HIV (PLWH) and are associated with poor health outcomes. Optimizing retention in primary care is vital, as poor retention is as...

Authors: Lauren A. Saag, Ashutosh R. Tamhane, D. Scott Batey, Michael J. Mugavero and Ellen F. Eaton

A cluster randomized controlled trial of lay health worker support for prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) in South Africa

We evaluate the impact of clinic-based PMTCT community support by trained lay health workers in addition to standard clinical care on PMTCT infant outcomes.

Authors: Karl Peltzer, Stephen M. Weiss, Manasi Soni, Tae Kyoung Lee, Violeta J. Rodriguez, Ryan Cook, Maria Luisa Alcaide, Geoffrey Setswe and Deborah L. Jones

Hospitalization causes and outcomes in HIV patients in the late antiretroviral era in Colombia

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has modified the natural history of HIV-infection: the incidence of opportunistic infections (OIs) has decreased and mortality associated to HIV has improved dramatically. The reas...

Authors: María Fernanda Álvarez Barreneche, Carlos Andrés Restrepo Castro, Alicia Hidrón Botero, Juan Pablo Villa Franco, Ivan Mauricio Trompa Romero, Laura Restrepo Carvajal, Alejandro Eusse García, Adriana Ocampo Mesa, Lina María Echeverri Toro, Glenys Patricia Porras Fernández de Castro, Jaime Mauricio Ramírez Rivera and Carlos Andrés Agudelo Restrepo

HIV treatment simplification to elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disproxil fumarate (E/C/F/TDF) plus darunavir: a pharmacokinetic study

As a simplification strategy for treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients who have achieved virologic suppression on a multi-drug, multi-class antiretroviral regimen, the aim of this study was to evaluate t...

Authors: Marianne Harris, Bruce Ganase, Birgit Watson, P. Richard Harrigan, Julio S. G. Montaner and Mark W. Hull

Drug resistance patterns following pharmacy stock shortage in Nigerian Antiretroviral Treatment Program

For patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART), treatment interruptions can impact patient outcomes and result in the accumulation of drug resistance mutations leading to virologic failure. There are minimal pub...

Authors: Seema T. Meloni, Beth Chaplin, John Idoko, Oche Agbaji, Sulaimon Akanmu, Godwin Imade, Prosper Okonkwo, Robert L. Murphy and Phyllis J. Kanki

The role of the glycosyl moiety of myricetin derivatives in anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro

Plant extracts are sources of valuable compounds with biological activity, especially for the anti-proliferative activity against pathogens or tumor cells. Myricetin is a flavonoid found in several plants that...

Authors: Joseph T. Ortega, Alirica I. Suárez, Maria L. Serrano, Jani Baptista, Flor H. Pujol and Hector R. Rangel

Validation of a questionnaire to monitor symptoms in HIV-infected patients during hepatitis C treatment

Clinicians are incorporating patient-reported outcomes in the management of HIV-infected persons co-infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), but there are no validated inventories to monitor symptoms of patients...

Authors: Edward R. Cachay, Craig Ballard, Bradford Colwell, Francesca Torriani, Charles Hicks and Wm. Christopher Mathews

Development of an HIV vaccine using a vesicular stomatitis virus vector expressing designer HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins to enhance humoral responses

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), like many other Rhabdoviruses, have become the focus of intense research over the past couple of decades based on their suitability as vaccine vectors, transient gene delivery...

Authors: Trina Racine, Gary P. Kobinger and Eric J. Arts

HIV vaccine research in Canada

Authors: Robin Shattock

A novel HIV vaccine targeting the protease cleavage sites

HIV preferentially infects activated CD4+ T cells and mutates rapidly. The classical vaccine approach aimed to generate broad immune responses to full HIV proteins largely failed to address the potential adver...

Authors: Hongzhao Li, Robert W. Omange, Francis A. Plummer and Ma Luo

Development of an anti-HIV vaccine eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies

The extreme HIV diversity posts a great challenge on development of an effective anti-HIV vaccine. To solve this problem, it is crucial to discover an appropriate immunogens and strategies that are able to pre...

Authors: Yousuf Ahmed, Meijuan Tian and Yong Gao

The biology of how circumcision reduces HIV susceptibility: broader implications for the prevention field

Circumcision reduces heterosexual HIV-1 acquisition in men by at least 60%. However, the biological mechanisms by which circumcision is protective remain incompletely understood. We test the hypothesis that th...

Authors: Jessica L. Prodger and Rupert Kaul

Potential contribution of gut microbiota and systemic inflammation on HIV vaccine effectiveness and vaccine design

The quest for an effective HIV-1 vaccine began as soon as the virus causing AIDS was identified. After several disappointing attempts, results of the Phase-III RV144 trial in Thailand were a beacon of hope for...

Authors: Jean-Pierre Routy and Vikram Mehraj

Killed whole-HIV vaccine; employing a well established strategy for antiviral vaccines

The development of an efficient prophylactic HIV vaccine has been one of the major challenges in infectious disease research during the last three decades. Here, we present a mini review on strategies employed...

Authors: C. Yong Kang and Yong Gao

Preventing HIV infection without targeting the virus: how reducing HIV target cells at the genital tract is a new approach to HIV prevention

For over three decades, HIV infection has had a tremendous impact on the lives of individuals and public health. Microbicides and vaccines studies have shown that immune activation at the genital tract is a ri...

Authors: Julie Lajoie, Lucy Mwangi and Keith R. Fowke

Eradication of HIV-1 latent reservoirs through therapeutic vaccination

Despite the significant success of combination anti-retroviral therapy to reduce HIV viremia and save lives, HIV-1 infection remains a lifelong infection that must be appropriately managed. Advances in the und...

Authors: Joshua Pankrac, Katja Klein and Jamie F. S. Mann

Evasion of adaptive immunity by HIV through the action of host APOBEC3G/F enzymes

APOBEC3G (A3G) and APOBEC3F (A3F) are DNA-mutating enzymes expressed in T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages. A3G/F have been considered innate immune host factors, based on reports that they lethally muta...

Authors: Michael Grant and Mani Larijani

Development of targeted adjuvants for HIV-1 vaccines

Finding new adjuvants is an integrated component of the efforts in developing an effective HIV-1 vaccine. Compared with traditional adjuvants, a modern adjuvant in the context of HIV-1 prevention would elicit ...

Authors: Jun Liu and Mario Ostrowski

Modulation of the strength and character of HIV-specific CD8⁺ T cell responses with heteroclitic peptides

Chronic infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes HIV-specific CD8⁺ T cell dysfunction and exhaustion. The strong association between non-progression and maintenance of HIV-specific CD8⁺ T cell cyt...

Authors: Kayla A. Holder and Michael D. Grant

Role of sex hormones and the vaginal microbiome in susceptibility and mucosal immunity to HIV-1 in the female genital tract

While the prevalence of Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection has stabilized globally, it continues to be the leading cause of death among women of reproductive age. The majority of new infections a...

Authors: Danielle Vitali, Jocelyn M. Wessels and Charu Kaushic

Natural killer (NK) cell receptor-HLA ligand genotype combinations associated with protection from HIV infection: investigation of how protective genotypes influence anti HIV NK cell functions

The anti-HIV activity of natural killer (NK) cells could be induced fast enough to potentially prevent the establishment of HIV infection. Epidemiological studies identified two genotypes encoding NK receptors...

Authors: Nicole F. Bernard