Novel fourth generation screening and confirmatory human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) assays are now commercially available and incorporated into new diagnostic algorithms. We report two cases involving a tota...
Authors: Peter Liu, Patrick Jackson, Nathan Shaw and Scott Heysell
This short report arose from a follow-up study of children previously diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy and spastic diplegia and is among the first to describe that increased low...
Authors: Theresa N. Mann, Kirsten A. Donald, Kathleen G. Walker and Nelleke G. Langerak
The risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected people on antiretroviral therapy (ART) from some rural parts of Africa is not well known. We assessed CVD risk factors, ...
Authors: Felistas Mashinya, Marianne Alberts, Jean-Pierre Van geertruyden and Robert Colebunders
Late diagnosis and presentation to human immune deficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome care reduce the benefits of antiretroviral therapy and increase the risk of HIV transmission.
An increasing number of patients in Africa are experiencing virologic failure on second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) and those who develop resistance to protease inhibitors (PI) will require third-line A...
Authors: Graeme Meintjes, Liezl Dunn, Marla Coetsee, Michael Hislop, Rory Leisegang, Leon Regensberg and Gary Maartens
Access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) in resource-limited countries has increased significantly but scaling-up ART into semi-rural and rural areas is more recent. Information on treatment outcome in such ar...
Authors: Abla A. Konou, Mounerou Salou, Nicole Vidal, Pascal Kodah, Damobé Kombate, Pyabalo Kpanla, Tchabia Nabroulaba, Djifa Nyametso, Assétina Singo-Tokofaï, Palokinam Pitche, Eric Delaporte, Mireille Prince-David, Martine Peeters and Anoumou Y. Dagnra
Community-drug distribution point is a care model for stable patients in the community designed to make ART delivery more efficient for the health system and provide appropriate support to encourage long-term ...
Authors: Stephen Okoboi, Erin Ding, Steven Persuad, Jonathan Wangisi, Josephine Birungi, Susan Shurgold, Darius Kato, Maureen Nyonyintono, Aggrey Egessa, Celestin Bakanda, Paula Munderi, Pontiano Kaleebu and David M. Moore
The development of HIV related pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) reduces the probability of survival by half as compared with HIV-infected individuals without HIV related PAH. HIV infected patients have a ...
Authors: Jean Joel R. Bigna, Paule Sandra D. Sime and Sinata Koulla-Shiro
Identifying those at increased risk of death during TB treatment is a priority in resource-constrained settings. We performed this study to determine predictors of mortality during TB treatment.
Authors: Dominique J. Pepper, Michael Schomaker, Robert J. Wilkinson, Virginia de Azevedo and Gary Maartens
CCR5-using (r5) HIV-1 predominates during asymptomatic disease followed by occasional emergence of CXCR4-using (x4) or dual tropic (r5x4) virus. We examined the contribution of the x4 and r5 components to repl...
Authors: Immaculate L Nankya, Denis M Tebit, Awet Abraha, Fred Kyeyune, Richard Gibson, Oyebisi Jegede, Gabrielle Nickel and Eric J Arts
Cryptococcal meningitis is one of the most lethal fungal infections in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The incidence of and mortality from cryptococcal meningitis have markedly decrea...
Authors: Hideki Hashimoto, Shuji Hatakeyama and Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
The objective of this study was to determine the rate of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Zhejiang province and to identify specific factors associated with progression of this disease.
Authors: Lin Chen, Jiezhe Yang, Renjie Zhang, Yun Xu, Jinlei Zheng, Jianmin Jiang, Jun Jiang, Lin He, Ning Wang, Philip Chun Yeung and Xiaohong Pan
We evaluated the effectiveness of darunavir (DRV) treatment plus an optimized background regimen in 120 HIV-1 treatment-experienced patients.
Authors: José Antonio Mata-Marín, Gloria Huerta-García, Juan Carlos Domínguez-Hermosillo, Marcelino Chavez-García, Marco Isaac Banda-Lara, Nohemí Nuñez-Rodríguez, Javier Enrique Cruz-Herrera, Jorge Luis Sandoval-Ramírez, Ivan Martínez-Abarca, Alfredo Francisco Villagómez-Ruíz, Bulmaro Manjarrez-Tellez and Jesús Gaytán-Martínez
Protease inhibitors (PI)s have been associated with distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP) and metabolic complications in high-income countries. No data exist in Africans where second-line antiretroviral therapy ...
Authors: John-Randel Vermaak, Joel A. Dave, Naomi Levitt and Jeannine M. Heckmann
Alcohol consumption is prevalent amongst HIV positive population. Importantly, chronic alcohol use is reported to exacerbate HIV pathogenesis. Although alcohol is known to increase oxidative stress, especially...
Authors: Anusha Ande, Namita Sinha, P. S. S. Rao, Carole P. McArthur, Leo Ayuk, Paul N. Achu, Annette Njinda, Anil Kumar and Santosh Kumar
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*5701 is strongly associated with developing a hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir (ABC). Limited data exist on HLA-B*5701 prevalence in HIV-1-infected subjects in China. We in...
Authors: Hongwei Zhang, Tong Zhang, Hongxin Zhao, Ning Han, Haiwei Zhou, Yun He, Qingxia Zhao, Hong Li, Huiqin Li, Mi Zhang, Jianjian Li, Yongtao Sun, Ke Zhao, Qing Liu, Zhiying Liu, Zhen Li…
Although injection drug use drives antiretroviral drug resistance, the prevalence of protease inhibitor (PI) resistance among Kenyan IDUs remains undetermined. We, therefore, explored PI resistance mutations a...
Authors: Valentine Budambula, Francis O. Musumba, Mark K. Webale, Titus M. Kahiga, Francisca Ongecha-Owuor, James N. Kiarie, George A. Sowayi, Aabid A. Ahmed, Collins Ouma and Tom Were
HIV infected children experience a range of hematological complications which show marked improvement within 6 months of initiating anti-retroviral therapy. The Objectives of the study was to describe the chan...
Authors: Elizabeth Gathoni Kibaru, Ruth Nduati, Dalton Wamalwa and Nyambura Kariuki
India has a large number of HIV infected patients being followed up at anti-retroviral therapy (ART) centers. The patients are regularly offered CD4 count estimation for deciding their eligibility for ART init...
Authors: Ashwini Shete, Dharmesh P Singh, Bharati Mahajan, Amol Kokare, Ramesh Paranjape and Madhuri Thakar
A number of metabolic abnormalities, such as dysglycaemia, insulin resistance, lipodystrophy and dyslipidaemia, are associated with the use of antiretroviral drugs. We aimed to assess the effects of long-term ...
Authors: Zulfa Abrahams, Joel A Dave, Gary Maartens and Naomi S Levitt
It is a challenge to differentiate between HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and other types of neurocognitive disease in the ageing HIV-infected population. Here we describe a 63 year old HIV-inf...
Authors: Signar Mäkitalo, Åsa Mellgren, Ellen Borgh, Lena Kilander, Tobias Skillbäck, Henrik Zetterberg and Magnus Gisslén
In Henan, China, first-line antiretroviral treatment (ART) was implemented early in a large number of treatment-experienced patients who were more likely to have a drug resistance. Therefore, we investigated t...
Lipodystrophy (LD) is a frequent adverse event of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) and occurs mainly in patients exposed to first-generation antiretroviral drugs. The aim of this study was to explore a...
Authors: Charlotte M Verolet, Cécile Delhumeau-Cartier, Marlène Sartori, Simona Toma, Sophie Zawadynski, Minerva Becker, Enos Bernasconi, Laurence Toutous Trellu and Alexandra Calmy
Trends in prevalence of opportunistic infections (OIs) associated with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in resource poor settings have previously not been well documented. The objective of this study was...
Authors: John Rubaihayo, Nazarius M Tumwesigye and Joseph Konde-Lule
Estimates of the interval from HIV-1 infection to disease progression may be affected by selection bias, and data concerning asymptomatic early seroconverters are limited. We examined the interval until diseas...
A 21 year old MSM patient with newly diagnosed HIV infection was hospitalized in our department after ingestion of an overdose of his antiretroviral therapy (ART) comprising dolutegravir (DTG - Tivicay®) and t...
Authors: Marcel Lee, Florian Eyer, Norbert Felgenhauer, Hartwig HF Klinker and Christoph D Spinner
To determine the levels of NT-pro BNP in HIV patients over 40 years who are receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and investigating potential independent clinical or laboratory factors.
Authors: Julián Olalla, Elena Crespo, Javier De la Torre, Marco Sempere, Alfonso Del Arco, José Luis Prada, Rocío Malvarez, Javier Pérez and Javier García-Alegría
Sporotrichosis is an infection caused by a dimorphic fungus of the Sporothrix schenckii complex. Host immunity is an important factor in the clinical manifestations of the disease. Deeply immunocompromised indivi...
Authors: Ariane Gomes Paixão, Maria Clara Gutierrez Galhardo, Rodrigo Almeida-Paes, Estevão Portela Nunes, Marcelo Luiz Carvalho Gonçalves, Gisele Larias Chequer and Cristiane da Cruz Lamas
Codes of confidentiality play an essential role in the intimate discourses in many learned professions. Codes with various prescriptions exist. The Hippocratic Oath for example, prescribes rewards to the secre...
Authors: Amos K Laar, Debra A DeBruin and Susan Craddock
Little evidence exists on the connections between nutrition, diet intake, and quality of life (QoL) among people living with HIV (PLHIV). The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of under-nutrition among PLH...
Authors: Rajshree Thapa, Archana Amatya, Durga Prasad Pahari, Kiran Bam and M Sophia Newman
We report a rare case of osteonecrosis of the jaw following necrotizing gingivitis in a Japanese AIDS patient. Intraoral examination showed exposed necrotic bone in the left mandible and spontaneous loss of te...
New evidence has emerged regarding when to commence antiretroviral therapy (ART), optimal treatment regimens, management of HIV co-infection with opportunistic infections, and management of ART failure. The 20...
An HIV-1 tropism test is recommended prior to CCR5 antagonist administration to exclude patients harboring non-R5 virus from treatment with this class of antiretrovirals. HIV-1 tropism determination based on p...
Authors: Russell E Baumann, Amy A Rogers, Hasnah B Hamdan, Harold Burger, Barbara Weiser, Wei Gao, Kathryn Anastos, Mary Young, William A Meyer III, Rick L Pesano and Ron M Kagan
Polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) affect the steady state plasma concentration of nevirapine. CYP2B6 516G>T and 983T>C are common in African populations, but data on their influence on plasma nevir...
Authors: Margaret Ngwono Oluka, Faith Apolot Okalebo, Anastasia Nkatha Guantai, R Scott McClelland and Susan M Graham
MDD and HIV/AIDS have a high prevalence worldwide with severe consequences for patients. In both conditions, compliance with treatment is key to successfully treat these disorders. In the current study, we exa...
Authors: Francois N Slabbert, Brian H Harvey, Christiaan B Brink and Martie S Lubbe
Tubular dysfunction is common in HIV-infected people and detection of proteinuria is essential to identify this problem. In low-income countries, resources for detection of proteinuria using the Kidney Disease...
Authors: José Ignacio López De León, Jose Antonio Mata-Marín, Karen Andrade-Fuentes, Gloria Huerta-Garcia, Juan C Domínguez-Hemosillo and Jesus Gaytán-Martínez
Antimalarials quinacrine (Qc) and chloroquine (Cq) intercalate DNA, potentiate the activity of other drugs and have lysosomotropic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities that could increase the effect of ...
Authors: Klintsy J Torres, Gustavo Reyes-Terán, Julio Sotelo, Helgi Jung-Cook and Lucinda Aguirre-Cruz
Antiretroviral treatment (ART) has been effective in reducing HIV/AIDS related morbidity and mortality. However, the use and uptake of ART has resulted in adverse reactions, due mainly to the medicine’s toxici...
Authors: Lieketseng J Masenyetse, Samuel OM Manda and Henry G Mwambi
The emergence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) compromises the effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART), resulting in treatment failure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Although more than a dec...
Authors: Tomohiro Kotaki, Siti Qamariyah Khairunisa, Adiana Mutamsari Witaningrum, Muhammad Qushai Yunifiar M, Septhia Dwi Sukartiningrum, Muhammad Noor Diansyah, Retno Pudji Rahayu, Nasronudin and Masanori Kameoka
HIV infection may be associated with an increased recurrence rate of myocardial infarction. Our aim was to determine whether HIV infection is a risk factor for worse outcomes in patients with coronaray artery ...
Authors: David Carballo, Cécile Delhumeau, Sebastian Carballo, Caroline Bähler, Dragona Radovanovic, Bernard Hirschel, Olivier Clerc, Enos Bernasconi, Dominique Fasel, Patrick Schmid, Alexia Cusini, Jan Fehr, Paul Erne, Pierre-Fréderic Keller, Bruno Ledergerber and Alexandra Calmy
The availability of HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been associated with the development of transmitted drug resistance-associated mutations (TDRM). TDRM can compromise treatment effectiveness in patients...
Authors: Awachana Jiamsakul, Sunee Sirivichayakul, Rossana Ditangco, Ka-Hing Wong, Patrick CK Li, Jutarat Praparattanapan, Praphan Phanuphak, Edelwisa Segubre-Mercado, Wing-Cheong Yam, Thira Sirisanthana, Thida Singtoroj and Matthew Law
The Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) can manifest neurologically in both adults and children. Early invasion of the central nervous system by the virus, affecting the developing brain, is believed to result...
Authors: Kirsten A Donald, Kathleen G Walker, Tracy Kilborn, Henri Carrara, Nelleke G Langerak, Brian Eley and Jo M Wilmshurst
While HIV, AIDS and atypical Mycobacterium infections are closely linked, the use of Integrase-Inhibitor based cART, notably raltegravir-based regimens is more widespread. RAL should be double-dosed to 800 mg ...
Authors: Christoph D Spinner, Florian Wille, Christiane Schwerdtfeger, Philipp Thies, Ursula Tanase, Guido Von Figura, Roland M Schmid, Werner J Heinz and Hartwig Hf Klinker
Treatments in patients with multidrug resistance often involve the use of multiple agents with partial antiviral activity and overlapping metabolic toxicities. Enfuvirtide is therefore a welcome addition to th...
Authors: Gloria Huerta-García, Marcelino Chavez-García, José Antonio Mata-Marín, Jorge Sandoval-Ramírez, Juan Domínguez-Hermosillo, Ana Lourdes Rincón-Rodríguez and Jesús Gaytán-Martínez
Cobicistat is an alternative pharmacoenhancer to ritonavir. In healthy volunteers, darunavir exposure was comparable when darunavir 800 mg once daily was co-administered with cobicistat 150 mg once daily (as s...
Authors: Karen Tashima, Gordon Crofoot, Frank L Tomaka, Thomas N Kakuda, Anne Brochot, Tom Van de Casteele, Magda Opsomer, William Garner, Nicolas Margot, Joseph M Custodio, Marshall W Fordyce and Javier Szwarcberg
Abnormal NK phenotype and cytotoxic functions have been described in acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, myeloma and myelodysplastic syndromes. Defective NK cytotoxicity is due to decreased e...
Authors: Delphine Mercier-Bataille, Carole Sanchez, Céline Baier, Thérèse Le Treut, Nicolas Mounier, Saadia Mokhtari, Daniel Olive, Karine Baumstarck, Gérard Sébahoun, Caroline Besson and Régis T Costello
We report a case of an adult patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria t...
Authors: Robertas Samalavicius, Mindaugas Serpytis, Donata Ringaitiene, Daiva Grazulyte, Ruta Bertasiute, Bernardas Rimkus, Raimonda Matulionyte, Ruta Ambrazaitiene, Jurate Sipylaite, Tomas Kacergius and Laimonas Griskevicius
We built a cohort study of HIV patients taking long-term first-line Antiretroviral Therapy in 2003. In this assay, we focused on the development of primary drug resistance mutations against Non-Nucleoside Reve...
Authors: Yuncong Wang, Hui Xing, Lingjie Liao, Zhe Wang, Bin Su, Quanbi Zhao, Yi Feng, Pengfei Ma, Jia Liu, Jianjun Wu, Yuhua Ruan and Yiming Shao
A number of antiviral agents used against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and hepatitis B virus (HBV) mono or co-infection have been associated with real nephrotoxicity (including tenofovir disopr...
Authors: Stephen G Holt, David M Gracey, Miriam T Levy, David W Mudge, Ashley B Irish, Rowan G Walker, Richard Baer, Jacob Sevastos, Riaz Abbas and Mark A Boyd
