Articles

Comparison of six methods to estimate adherence in an ART-naïve cohort in a resource-poor setting: which best predicts virological and resistance outcomes?

Incomplete adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) results in virologic failure and resistance. It remains unclear which adherence measure best predicts these outcomes. We compared six patient-reported and o...

Authors: Catherine Orrell, Karen Cohen, Rory Leisegang, David R. Bangsberg, Robin Wood and Gary Maartens

CLINICAL outcomes and loss to follow-up among people living with HIV participating in the NAMWEZA intervention in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a prospective cohort study

Psychosocial factors have been linked with loss to follow-up (LTFU) and clinical outcomes among people living with HIV (PLH), however little is known about the effect of psychosocial support on LTFU among PLH ...

Authors: Hellen N. Siril, Sylvia F. Kaaya, Mary Kay Smith Fawzi, Expeditho Mtisi, Magreat Somba, Japheth Kilewo, Ferdinand Mugusi, Anna Minja, Anna Kaale and Jim Todd

Barriers to uptake of early infant HIV testing in Zambia: the role of intimate partner violence and HIV status disclosure within couples

Early detection of pediatric HIV through uptake of infant HIV testing is critical for access to treatment and child survival. While structural barriers have been well described, a greater understanding of soci...

Authors: Karen M. Hampanda, Abigail M. Nimz and Lisa L. Abuogi

Determinants to antiretroviral treatment non-adherence among adult HIV/AIDS patients in northern Ethiopia

Adhering 95% and above of antiretroviral therapy reduces the rate of disease progression and death among people’s living human immunodeficiency virus. Though manifold factors have reported as determinant facto...

Authors: Berhe Beyene Gebrezgabher, Yigzaw Kebede, Melaku Kindie, Desalegn Tetemke, Mebrahtu Abay and Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw

Impaired human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replicative fitness in atypical viremic non-progressor individuals

Progression rates from initial HIV-1 infection to advanced AIDS vary significantly among infected individuals. A distinct subgroup of HIV-1-infected individuals—termed viremic non-progressors (VNP) or controll...

Authors: Jan Weber, Richard M. Gibson, Lenka Sácká, Dmytro Strunin, Jan Hodek, Jitka Weberová, Marcela Pávová, David J. Alouani, Robert Asaad, Benigno Rodriguez, Michael M. Lederman and Miguel E. Quiñones-Mateu

Joint longitudinal data analysis in detecting determinants of CD4 cell count change and adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy at Felege Hiwot Teaching and Specialized Hospital, North-west Ethiopia (Amhara Region)

Adherence and CD4 cell count change measure the progression of the disease in HIV patients after the commencement of HAART. Lack of information about associated factors on adherence to HAART and CD4 cell count...

Authors: Awoke Seyoum, Principal Ndlovu and Zewotir Temesgen

Possible misdiagnosis of HIV associated lymphoma as tuberculosis among patients attending Uganda Cancer Institute

Early diagnosis of HIV associated lymphoma is challenging because the definitive diagnostic procedure of biopsy, requires skills and equipment that are not readily available. As a consequence, diagnosis may be...

Authors: Paul Buyego, Lydia Nakiyingi, Henry Ddungu, Stephen Walimbwa, Damalie Nalwanga, Steven J Reynolds and Rosalind Parkes-Ratanshi

Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf powder on the pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in HIV-infected adults: a one sequence cross-over study

Moringa oleifera Lam., an herb commonly consumed by HIV-infected people on antiretroviral therapy, inhibits cytochrome P450 3A4, 1A2 and 2D6 activity in vitro; and may alter the pharma...

Authors: Tsitsi G. Monera-Penduka, Charles C. Maponga, Alan R. Wolfe, Lubbe Wiesner, Gene D. Morse and Charles F. B. Nhachi

Characterization of occult hepatitis B virus infection among HIV positive patients in Cameroon

Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) among HIV positive patients varies widely in different geographic regions. We undertook a study to determine the prevalence of occult hepatitis B infection among HIV infected...

Authors: George Gachara, Tshifhiwa Magoro, Lufuno Mavhandu, Emmaculate Lum, Helen K. Kimbi, Roland N. Ndip and Pascal O. Bessong

HIV care in Yangon, Myanmar; successes, challenges and implications for policy

Approximately 0.8% of adults aged 18–49 in Myanmar are seropositive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Identifying the demographic, epidemiological and clinical characteristics of people living with HIV (...

Authors: Ne Myo Aung, Josh Hanson, Tint Tint Kyi, Zaw Win Htet, David A. Cooper, Mark A. Boyd, Mar Mar Kyi and Htin Aung Saw

Distribution and fate of HIV-1 unintegrated DNA species: a comprehensive update

Reverse transcription of viral RNA and the subsequent integration of reverse transcripts are the classical early events of the HIV-1 life-cycle. Simultaneously, abundant unintegrated DNAs (uDNAs), are formed i...

Authors: Faysal Bin Hamid, Jinsun Kim and Cha-Gyun Shin

Late presentation increases risk and costs of non-infectious comorbidities in people with HIV: an Italian cost impact study

Late presentation (LP) at the time of HIV diagnosis is defined as presentation with AIDS whatever the CD4 cell count or with CD4 <350 cells/mm. The objective of our study was to assess the prevalence of non-in...

Authors: Giovanni Guaraldi, Stefano Zona, Marianna Menozzi, Thomas D. Brothers, Federica Carli, Chiara Stentarelli, Giovanni Dolci, Antonella Santoro, Ana Rita Domingues Da Silva, Elisa Rossi, Julian Falutz and Cristina Mussini

H1N1 influenza vaccination in HIV-infected women on effective antiretroviral treatment did not induce measurable antigen-driven proliferation of the HIV-1 proviral reservoir

Antigen-induced activation and proliferation of HIV-1-infected cells is hypothesized to be a mechanism of HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy. The objective of this study was to determine if prolifer...

Authors: Thor A. Wagner, Hannah C. Huang, Christen E. Salyer, Kelly M. Richardson, Adriana Weinberg, Sharon Nachman and Lisa M. Frenkel

Renal safety of lithium in HIV-infected patients established on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate containing antiretroviral therapy: analysis from a randomized placebo-controlled trial

The prevalence of bipolar disorder in HIV-infected patients is higher than the general population. Lithium is the most effective mood stabiliser, while tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is frequently used as...

Authors: Eric H. Decloedt, Maia Lesosky, Gary Maartens and John A. Joska

Immunological outcomes of Tenofovir versus Zidovudine-based regimens among people living with HIV/AIDS: a two years retrospective cohort study

Tenofovir (TDF) based regimen was reported to have better immunological outcomes. Unfortunately, there is limited information regarding the immunologic outcome associated with this regimen in Ethiopia, as its ...

Authors: Teshale Ayele, Habtemu Jarso and Girma Mamo

HIV-1 drug-resistant mutations and related risk factors among HIV-1-positive individuals experiencing treatment failure in Hebei Province, China

To understand HIV-1 drug resistance in 11 prefectures of Hebei Province, China, we implemented a cross-sectional HIV-1 molecular epidemiological survey.

Authors: Xinli Lu, Hongru Zhao, Yuqi Zhang, Wei Wang, Cuiying Zhao, Yan Li, Lin Ma, Ze Cui and Suliang Chen

Feasibility of antiretroviral treatment monitoring in the era of decentralized HIV care: a systematic review

Regular monitoring of HIV patients who are receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) is required to ensure patient benefits and the long-term effectiveness and sustainability of ART programs. Prompted by WHO reco...

Authors: Minh D. Pham, Lorena Romero, Bruce Parnell, David A. Anderson, Suzanne M. Crowe and Stanley Luchters

Does antiretroviral treatment change HIV-1 codon usage patterns in its genes: a preliminary bioinformatics study

Codon usage bias has been described for various organisms and is thought to contribute to the regulation of numerous biological processes including viral infections. HIV-1 codon usage has been previously shown...

Authors: Navaneethan Palanisamy, Nathan Osman, Frédéric Ohnona, Hong-Tao Xu, Bluma Brenner, Thibault Mesplède and Mark A. Wainberg

Early virological failure and HIV drug resistance in Ugandan adults co-infected with tuberculosis

This cross-sectional study took place in the integrated tuberculosis (TB) clinic of a large outpatient clinic for HIV-infected patients in Kampala, Uganda. The purpose of this study was to describe the proport...

Authors: Amrei von Braun, Christine Sekaggya-Wiltshire, Alexandra U. Scherrer, Brian Magambo, Andrew Kambugu, Jan Fehr and Barbara Castelnuovo

Integrated therapy for HIV and cryptococcosis

Cryptococcosis has been one of the most common opportunistic infections and causes of mortality among HIV-infected patients, especially in resource-limited countries. Cryptococcal meningitis is the most common...

Authors: Sirawat Srichatrapimuk and Somnuek Sungkanuparph

Infection of rhesus macaques with a pool of simian immunodeficiency virus with the envelope genes from acute HIV-1 infections

New simian–human immunodeficiency chimeric viruses with an HIV-1 env (SHIVenv) are critical for studies on HIV pathogenesis, vaccine development, and microbicide testing. Macaques are typically exposed to sing...

Authors: Kendall C. Krebs, Meijuan Tian, Mohammed Asmal, Binhua Ling, Kenneth Nelson, Kenneth Henry, Richard Gibson, Yuejin Li, Weining Han, Robin J. Shattock, Ronald S. Veazey, Norman Letvin, Eric J. Arts and Yong Gao

Cases of antiretroviral-associated gynaecomastia reported to the National HIV & Tuberculosis Health Care Worker Hotline in South Africa

Gynaecomastia is associated with exposure to antiretroviral therapy (ART), in particular efavirenz. There is limited data on clinical characteristics of patients with ART-associated gynaecomastia in resource-l...

Authors: Christine Njuguna, Annoesjka Swart, Marc Blockman, Gary Maartens, Briony Chisholm, Annemie Stewart, Anri Uys and Karen Cohen

HIV sero-discordance among married HIV patients initiating anti-retroviral therapy in northern Vietnam

In many countries in Asia, the HIV epidemic is in a concentrated phase, with high prevalence in certain risk groups, such as men who inject drugs. There is also a rapid increase of HIV among women. The latter ...

Authors: Vu Van Tam, Do Duy Cuong, Tobias Alfven, Ho Dang Phuc, Nguyen Thi Kim Chuc, Nguyen Phuong Hoa, Vinod Diwan and Mattias Larsson

Trends in clinical characteristics and outcomes of Pre-ART care at a large HIV clinic in Nairobi, Kenya: a retrospective cohort study

The success of antiretroviral therapy in resource-scarce settings is an illustration that complex healthcare interventions can be successfully delivered even in fragile health systems. Documenting the success ...

Authors: Jared O. Mecha, Elizabeth N. Kubo, Lucy W. Nganga, Peter N. Muiruri, Lilian N. Njagi, Immaculate N. Mutisya, Justine J. Odionyi, Syokau C. Ilovi, Mary Wambui, Christopher Githu, Richard Ngethe, Elizabeth M. Obimbo and Zipporah W. Ngumi

Re-focusing HIV prevention messages: a qualitative study in rural Uganda

After 30 years, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains an epidemic of global concern. To support the increasing emphasis on biomedical interventions for prevention requires a renewed and reframed focus...

Authors: Sanyukta Mathur, Dina Romo, Mariko Rasmussen, Neema Nakyanjo, Fred Nalugoda and John S. Santelli

Quasi-Poisson versus negative binomial regression models in identifying factors affecting initial CD4 cell count change due to antiretroviral therapy administered to HIV-positive adults in North–West Ethiopia (Amhara region)

CD4 cells are a type of white blood cells that plays a significant role in protecting humans from infectious diseases. Lack of information on associated factors on CD4 cell count reduction is an obstacle for i...

Authors: Awoke Seyoum, Principal Ndlovu and Temesgen Zewotir

The HIV treatment cascade and care continuum: updates, goals, and recommendations for the future

The HIV care continuum is a framework that models the dynamic stages of HIV care. The continuum consists of five main steps, which, at the population level, are depicted cross-sectionally as the HIV treatment ...

Authors: Emma Sophia Kay, D. Scott Batey and Michael J. Mugavero

Current trends and intricacies in the management of HIV-associated pulmonary tuberculosis

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic has undoubtedly increased the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) globally, posing a formidable global health challenge affecting 1.2 million cases. Pulmonary TB assumes ...

Authors: Narendran Gopalan, Padmapriyadarsini Chandrasekaran, Soumya Swaminathan and Srikanth Tripathy

Targeting vulnerable populations: a synthetic review on alcohol use and risky sexual behaviour among migrant populations

Research has demonstrated a link between alcohol use and risky sexual behaviour among different types of migrant populations. Therefore, research investigating risk factors associated with alcohol consumption ...

Authors: Emilia Maria Vaz Martins-Fonteyn, Nina Sommerland, Herman Meulemans, Olivier Degomme, Ines Raimundo and Edwin Wouters

Nutritional status and its effect on treatment outcome among HIV infected clients receiving HAART in Ethiopia: a cohort study

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of nutritional status at the start of highly active anti-retroviral therapy on treatment outcomes among HIV/AIDS patients taking HAART at Jimma University Spe...

Authors: Sadikalmahdi Hussen, Tefera Belachew and Nezif Hussien

Stem cell transplantation in strategies for curing HIV/AIDS

HIV-1 can persist in a latent form in resting memory CD4+ cells and macrophages carrying an integrated copy of the HIV genome. Because of the presence of these stable reservoir cells, eradication by antiretrov...

Authors: Gero Hütter

Dolutegravir(DTG, S/GSK1349572) combined with other ARTs is superior to RAL- or EFV-based regimens for treatment of HIV-1 infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

The first-generation integrase inhibitors (INIs) raltegravir (RAL) and elvitegravir (EVG) have shown efficacy against HIV infection, but they have the limitations of once-more daily dosing and extensive cross-...

Authors: Junjun Jiang, Xi Xu, Wenqin Guo, Jinming Su, Jiegang Huang, Bingyu Liang, Hui Chen, Ning Zang, Yanyan Liao, Li Ye and Hao Liang

Early infant diagnosis of HIV infection using DNA-PCR at a referral center: an 8 years retrospective analysis

Over the last decade, Ethiopia adopted different strategies of prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). Prior to implementation of Option A in 2011, there was no provision of prophylaxis for ...

Authors: Tolessa Olana, Tigist Bacha, Walelign Worku and Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse

The effect of Tenofovir on renal function among Ugandan adults on long-term antiretroviral therapy: a cross-sectional enrolment analysis

WHO recommends using Tenofovir containing first line antiretroviral therapy (ART), however, Tenofovir has been reported to be associated with renal impairment and dysfunction. We compared renal function among ...

Authors: Tino Salome, Ivan Kasamba, Billy Nsubuga Mayanja, Patrick Kazooba, Jackson Were, Pontiano Kaleebu and Paula Munderi

Antiretroviral treatment regardless of CD4 count: the universal answer to a contextual question

After a period where it was recommended to start antiretroviral therapy (ART) early, the CD4 threshold for treating asymptomatic adults dropped to 200/mm³ at the beginning of the 2000s. This was mostly due to a g...

Authors: Serge P. Eholié, Anani Badje, Gérard M. Kouame, Jean-Baptiste N’takpe, Raoul Moh, Christine Danel and Xavier Anglaret

Plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load rebound among people who inject drugs receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a Canadian setting: an ethno-epidemiological study

People who inject drugs (PWID) living with HIV often experience sub-optimal antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment outcomes, including HIV plasma viral load (PVL) rebound. While previous studies have identifie...

Authors: Will Small, M. J. Milloy, Ryan McNeil, Lisa Maher and Thomas Kerr

Risk factors for unstructured treatment interruptions and association with survival in low to middle income countries

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment interruptions lead to poor clinical outcomes with unplanned or unstructured TIs (uTIs) likely to be underreported. This study describes; uTIs, their risk factors and asso...

Authors: James H. McMahon, Tim Spelman, Nathan Ford, Jane Greig, Anita Mesic, Charles Ssonko, Esther C. Casas and Daniel P. O’Brien

Determinants of time to antiretroviral treatment initiation and subsequent mortality on treatment in a cohort in rural northern Malawi

To optimise care HIV patients need to be promptly initiated on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and subsequently retained on treatment. In this study we report on the interval between enrolment and treatment initi...

Authors: Jeremy Philip Brown, Bagrey Ngwira, Terence Tafatatha, Amelia Catharine Crampin, Neil French and Olivier Koole

Prevalence of HIV and hepatitis B coinfection in Ghana: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection has been associated with higher morbidity and mortality and may impact significantly on healthcare resource utilization. However, in G...

Authors: Akosua Adom Agyeman and Richard Ofori-Asenso

Integrated therapy for HIV and tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) has been the most common opportunistic infection and cause of mortality among HIV-infected patients, especially in resource-limited countries. Clinical manifestations of TB vary and depend on...

Authors: Weerawat Manosuthi, Surasak Wiboonchutikul and Somnuek Sungkanuparph

What happens to cardiovascular system behind the undetectable level of HIV viremia?

Despite the combined antiretroviral therapy has improved the length and quality of life of HIV infected patients, the survival of these patients is always decreased compared with the general population. This i...

Authors: Gabriella d’Ettorre, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Paolo Pavone, Pietro Vittozzi, Gabriella De Girolamo, Ivan Schietroma, Sara Serafino, Noemi Giustini and Vincenzo Vullo

Evolution of changes in cognitive function after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy

Cognitive function is reported to improve after the initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Data on the evolution of such changes are limited. We assessed the dynamics of changes in cognitive ...

Authors: Borja Mora-Peris, Elizabeth Stevens, Francesca Ferretti, Jonathan Underwood, Stephen Taylor and Alan Winston

Gut barrier structure, mucosal immunity and intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of HIV infection

Over the past 10 years, extensive work has been carried out in the field of microbial translocation in HIV infection, ranging from studies on its clinical significance to investigations on its pathogenic featu...

Authors: Camilla Tincati, Daniel C. Douek and Giulia Marchetti

Validation of a self-reported HIV symptoms list: the ISS-HIV symptoms scale

To describe the development and the psychometric properties of the Istituto Superiore di Sanità-HIV symptoms scale (lSS-HIV symptoms scale).

Authors: Raffaella Bucciardini, Katherina Pugliese, Daniela Francisci, Andrea Costantini, Elisabetta Schiaroli, Miriam Cognigni, Chiara Tontini, Stefano Lucattini, Luca Fucili, Massimiliano Di Gregorio, Marco Mirra, Vincenzo Fragola, Sara Pompili, Rita Murri and Stefano Vella

Incidence and risk factors for liver enzymes elevations in highly treatment-experienced patients switching from enfuvirtide to raltegravir: a sub-study of the ANRS-138 EASIER trial

In the ANRS EASIER trial where treatment-experienced patients switched from enfuvirtide (ENF) to raltegravir (RAL), a high incidence of transaminase elevation was reported in the RAL arm.

Authors: Nathalie de Castro, Joséphine Braun, Isabelle Charreau, Alain Lafeuillade, Jean-Paul Viard, Clotilde Allavena, Jean-Pierre Aboulker and Jean-Michel Molina

Factors associated with HIV viral load “blips” and the relationship between self-reported adherence and efavirenz blood levels on blip occurrence: a case–control study

The uncertain etiology of HIV viral load (VL) blips may lead to increased use of clinical resources. We evaluated the association of self-reported adherence (SRA) and antiretroviral (ART) drug levels on blip o...

Authors: Aaron Farmer, Xun Wang, Anuradha Ganesan, Robert G. Deiss, Brian K. Agan, Thomas A. O’Bryan, Kevin Akers and Jason F. Okulicz

The role of NK cells in HIV-1 protection: autologous, allogeneic or both?

Natural killer (NK) cells specialize in killing virally infected- or tumor cells and are part of the innate immune system. The activational state of NK cells is determined by the balance of incoming activating...

Authors: Jef Hens, Wim Jennes and Luc Kestens

Predictors of perceived male partner concurrency among women at risk for HIV and STI acquisition in Durban, South Africa

Women in sub-Saharan Africa continue to be at greater risk for HIV acquisition than men. Concurrency, viz. multiple sexual partnerships that overlap over time, has been studied as a possible risk factor for HI...

Authors: Zakir Gaffoor, Handan Wand, Renée A. Street, Nathlee Abbai and Gita Ramjee

Reviewer acknowledgement

Authors: Eric Arts and Mark Boyd

High prevalence of being Overweight and Obese HIV-infected persons, before and after 24 months on early ART in the ANRS 12136 Temprano Trial

HIV is usually associated with weight loss. World health Organization (WHO) recommends early antiretroviral (ART) initiation, but data on the progression of body mass index (BMI) in participants initiating ear...

Authors: Calixte Guehi, Anani Badjé, Delphine Gabillard, Eric Ouattara, Serge Olivier Koulé, Raoul Moh, Didier Ekouevi, Hugues Ahibo, Jean Baptiste N’Takpé, Gérard Kouamé Menan, Nina Deschamps, Jerôme Lecarrou, Serge Eholié, Xavier Anglaret and Christine Danel