Table 1 Demographic characteristics, immunization status, and preventative behaviour practices among a cohort of people living with HIV in Canada; the total cohort (n = 375) is separated into four overlapping groups with the aim of answering four questions as listed in footnote 1
From: Preventative behaviours and COVID-19 infection in a Canadian cohort of people living with HIV
Characteristics | Does previous known COVID-19 infection influence preventative behaviours?(n = 351) | Is participant multimorbidity associated with preventative behaviours?1 (n = 341) | Are preventative behaviours, living in a crowded space, and working in close proximity to others associated with COVID-19 infection?1 (n = 326) | Are preventative behaviours and/or uptake of vaccination associated with symptomatic infection during Omicron?1 (n = 283) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years, mean (SD) | 52.0 (13.5) | 51.9 (13.4) | 52.0 (13.6) | 52.3 (13.5) |
Current sex, n (%) | ||||
Male | 260 (74.1) | 257 (75.4) | 245 (75.2) | 216 (76.3) |
Female | 89 (25.4) | 82 (24.0) | 79 (24.2) | 65 (23.0) |
Prefer to self-describe | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.7) |
Self-declared race or ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
White | 196 (56.5) | 197 (58.5) | 193 (59.8) | 172 (61.2) |
Black | 71 (20.5) | 66 (19.6) | 59 (18.3) | 48 (17.1) |
Asian | 31 (8.8) | 29 (8.5) | 27 (8.3) | 22 (7.8) |
Latin American | 27 (7.7) | 24 (7.0) | 24 (7.4) | 21 (7.4) |
Indigenous | 6 (1.7) | 6 (1.8) | 5 (1.5) | 5 (1.8) |
Other | 19 (5.4) | 18 (5.3) | 18 (5.5) | 16 (5.7) |
No response | 4 (1.1) | 4 (1.2) | 3 (0.9) | 2 (0.7) |
Time of enrolment based on COVID-19 waves, n (%) | ||||
April–May 2021 (Alpha) | 89 (25.4) | 83 (24.3) | 85 (26.1) | 73 (25.8) |
June–July 2021 (Alpha/Delta) | 109 (31.1) | 115 (33.7) | 104 (31.9) | 88 (31.1) |
August–September 2021 (Delta) | 82 (23.4) | 74 (21.7) | 73 (22.4) | 65 (23.0) |
October–November 2021 (Delta) | 53 (15.1) | 50 (14.7) | 48 (14.7) | 43 (15.2) |
December 2021–January 2022 (Omicron BA.1) | 18 (5.1) | 19 (5.6) | 16 (4.9) | 14 (4.9) |
Duration of HIV infection in years, median (IQR) | 16.0 (7.0–24.0) | 16.0 (7.0–25.0) | 16.0 (7.0–25.0) | 17.0 (7.0–24.5) |
HIV controlled and stable2, n/total n available (%) | 169/326 (51.8) | 171/323 (52.9) | 161/301 (53.5) | 143/263 (54.4) |
Immune non-responders3, n/total n available (%) | 29/331 (8.8) | 29/322 (9.0) | 27/307 (8.8) | 23/267 (8.6) |
Comorbidities | ||||
Two or more comorbidities, n/total n available (%) | 97/344 (28.2) | 95/341 (27.9) | 89/319 (27.9) | 76/277 (27.4) |
Obesity, n/total n available (%) | 74/331 (22.4) | 74/325 (22.8) | 66/307 (21.5) | 54/268 (20.1) |
Cardiac disease (including hypertension), n (%) | 66 (18.8) | 62 (18.1) | 60 (18.4) | 54 (19.0) |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 47 (13.6) | 45 (13.2) | 43 (13.4) | 40 (14.3) |
Chronic lung disease, n (%) | 30 (8.7) | 30 (8.8) | 27 (8.4) | 23 (8.2) |
Diabetes, n (%) | 26 (7.5) | 26 (7.6) | 24 (7.5) | 23 (8.2) |
Other, n (%) | 105 (29.9) | 102 (29.9) | 97 (29.7) | 83 (29.3) |
Highest level of education, n (%) | ||||
Less than or including secondary school/trade certificate, apprenticeship, non-university certificate or diploma from a community college, CEGEP | 212 (63.5) | 208 (64.0) | 196 (63.0) | 168 (62.2) |
University undergraduate degree or graduate degree | 122 (36.5) | 117 (36.0) | 115 (37.0) | 102 (37.8) |
Prefer not to answer/no response | 17 | 16 | 15 | 13 |
COVID-19 infection prior to enrolment, n (%) | ||||
Self-reported | 25 (7.1) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
By antibody testing only | n/a | 24 (7.0) | n/a | n/a |
COVID-19 infection after enrolment, n (%) | ||||
Self-reported | 54 (15.4) | 54 (15.8) | 54 (16.6) | 51 (18.0) |
By antibody testing only | 34 (9.7) | 34 (10.0) | 34 (10.4) | n/a |
Sought testing for COVID-19 infection prior to enrolment, n/total n available (%) | 120/342 (35.1) | 98/332 (29.5) | 95/317 (30.0) | 87/276 (31.5) |
Number of COVID-19 vaccine doses received prior to study enrolment, n (%) | ||||
None | 95 (27.1) | 88 (25.8) | 87 (26.7) | 69 (24.4) |
Received 1 dose of a 2-dose schedule | 130 (37.0) | 130 (38.1) | 121 (37.1) | 105 (37.1) |
Received 2 doses of a 2-dose schedule, or 1 dose of a 1-dose schedule | 126 (35.9) | 123 (36.1) | 118 (36.2) | 109 (38.5) |
At least 3 doses of COVID-19 vaccine received by Dec. 1, 2021, n (%) | 58 (16.5) | 55 (16.1) | 56 (17.2) | 52 (18.4) |
At least 4 doses of COVID-19 vaccine received by Sept. 1, 2022, n (%) | 76 (21.7) | 73 (21.4) | 74 (22.7) | 66 (23.3) |
Participants reporting usually getting influenza immunization, n/total n available (%) | 259/341 (76.0) | 251/332 (75.6) | 241/317 (76.0) | 215/276 (77.9) |
Number of individuals (including participant) living in household, n (%) | ||||
Unknown | 15 | 16 | 15 | 11 |
One | 163 (48.5) | 158 (48.6) | 153 (49.2) | 132 (48.5) |
Two or more | 173 (51.5) | 167 (51.4) | 158 (50.8) | 140 (51.5) |
At least one bedroom in household per person, n/total n available (%) | 267/330 (80.9) | 261/319 (81.8) | 251/305 (82.3) | 219/267 (82.0) |
At least one bathroom in household per person, n/total n available (%) | 214/328 (65.2) | 212/317 (66.9) | 204/303 (67.3) | 177/265 (66.8) |
Traveled outside of home province since January 2020, n/total n available (%) | 82/342 (24.0) | 79/331 (23.9) | 77/317 (24.3) | 69/275 (25.1) |
Paid or unpaid work in close physical proximity to other people, n/total n available (%) | 109/339 (32.2) | 103/327 (31.5) | 100/316 (31.6) | 92/276 (33.3) |
Participants attending at least one gathering of ten or more since March 2020, n/total n available (%) | 130/318 (40.9) | 126/309 (40.8) | 120/298 (40.3) | 110/262 (42.0) |
Does previous known COVID-19 infection influence preventative behaviours?4 | Is participant multimorbidity associated with preventative behaviours?5 | Are preventative behaviours, living in a crowded space, and working in close proximity to others associated with COVID-19 infection?6 | Are preventative behaviours and/or uptake of vaccination associated with symptomatic infection during Omicron?7 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Answer to numbered question | No (n = 326) | Yes (n = 25) | No (n = 246) | Yes (n = 95) | No (n = 238) | Yes (n = 88) | No (n = 232) | Yes (n = 51) |
Preventative behaviours, % practising behaviours | ||||||||
Wearing a mask in public places | 86.8 (277/319) | 84 (21/25) | 86.4 (209/242) | 92.3 (84/91) | 86.1 (199/231) | 88.6 (78/88) | 85.8 (194/226) | 90.2 (46/51) |
Practicing physical distancing in public places | 78.3 (249/318) | 84 (21/25) | 75.5 (182/241) | 85.7 (78/91)* | 79.1 (182/230) | 76.1 (67/88) | 79.1 (178/225) | 76.5 (39/51) |
Avoiding crowded places/gatherings | 70.3 (233/317) | 60 (15/25) | 67.9 (163/240) | 76.9 (70/91) | 72.1 (165/229) | 65.9 (58/88) | 71.4 (160/224) | 64.7 (33/51) |
Avoiding common greetings | 68.3 (218/319) | 76 (19/25) | 65.3 (158/242) | 75.8 (69/91) | 71.0 (164/231) | 61.4 (54/88) | 70.8 (160/226) | 62.7 (32/51) |
Limiting contact with people at higher risk | 64.5 (187/290) | 69.6 (16/23) | 65 (141/217) | 63.5 (54/85) | 64.0 (135/211) | 65.8 (52/79) | 64.1 (132/206) | 63.8 (30/47) |
Self-isolating because the participant thought infected with COVID-19 | 32.5 (82/252) | 56.5 (13/23)* | 33.7 (64/190) | 26.8 (19/71) | 27.9 (50/179) | 43.8 (32/73)* | 27.3 (48/176) | 50.0 (22/44)* |
Self-quarantining because the participant thought exposed to COVID-19 but showed no symptoms | 23.4 (60/256) | 65.0 (13/20)* | 26.6 (51/192) | 18.1 (13/72) | 20.3 (37/182) | 31.1 (23/74) | (35/179) | (13/44) |