Table 1 Characteristics of TSMSM (total and by HIV status) in Nairobi, Kenya (n = 242)
Variable | Category | n (%) | HIV negative n (%) | HIV positive n (%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||
 Age (years) | 18–20 | 89 (36.8) | 83 (93.3) | 6 (6.7) | 0.512 |
21–30 | 153 (63.2) | 139 (90.8) | 14 (9.2) | ||
 Level of institution | University | 141 (58.3) | 131 (93.0) | 10 (7.0) | 0.434 |
College | 101 (41.7) | 91 (90.1) | 10 (9.9) | ||
 Type of institution | Public | 174 (71.9) | 165 (94.8) | 9 (5.2) | 0.005* |
Private | 68 (28.1) | 57 (83.8) | 11 (16.2) | ||
 Type of course | Engineering and technology | 103 (42.6) | 97 (94.2) | 6 (5.8) | 0.551 |
Health, natural and social sciences | 53 (21.9) | 48 (90.6) | 5 (9.4) | ||
Business management | 48 (19.8) | 44 (91.7) | 4 (8.3) | ||
Arts and humanities | 38 (15.7) | 33 (86.8) | 5 (13.2) | ||
 Year of studya | 1st and 2nd year | 153 (66.0) | 140 (91.5) | 13 (8.5) | 0.812 |
3rd and 4th year | 79 (34) | 73 (92.4) | 6 (7.6) | ||
 Residence | College/rented hostel | 192 (79.3) | 180 (93.8) | 12 (6.2) | 0.026* |
With family | 50 (20.7) | 42 (84.0) | 8 (16.0) | ||
 Ever attended boarding school | Yes | 203 (16.1) | 188 (92.6) | 15 (7.4) | 0.259 |
No | 39 (83.9) | 34 (87.2) | 5 (12.8) | ||
 Main source of finances | Parents/guardians | 137 (56.6) | 127 (92.7) | 10 (7.3) | 0.692 |
Employment | 65 (26.9) | 58 (89.2) | 7 (10.8) | ||
Bursary/scholarship | 40 (16.5) | 37 (92.5) | 3 (7.5) | ||
 Had smartphone at time of the study | Yes | 216 (89.3) | 196 (90.7) | 20 (9.3) | 0.105 |
No | 26 (10.7) | 26 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
 Sexual orientation | Gay | 153 (63.2) | 140 (91.5) | 13 (8.5) | 0.655 |
Bisexual | 80 (33.1) | 73 (91.3) | 7 (8.7) | ||
Heterosexual | 9 (3.7) | 9 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
 Gender identity | Cisgender male | 219 (90.5) | 201 (91.8) | 18 (8.2) | 0.937 |
Transgender female | 23 (9.5) | 21 (91.3) | 2 (8.7) | ||
Sexual behavior characteristics | |||||
 Ever had vaginal sex with a woman | Yes | 130 (53.7) | 123 (94.6) | 7 (5.4) | 0.080 |
No | 112 (46.3) | 99 (88.4) | 13 (11.6) | ||
 Age at first anal sex with a man |  ≤ 18 years | 137 (57.0) | 124 (90.5) | 13 (9.5) | 0.455 |
 > 18 years | 103 (43.0) | 96 (93.2) | 7 (6.8) | ||
 Preferred age of sex partner | Same/younger age | 187 (77.6) | 178 (95.2) | 9 (4.8) | 0.001* |
Any age | 36 (15.0) | 29 (80.6) | 7 (19.4) | ||
Older | 18 (7.4) | 14 (77.8) | 4 (22.2) | ||
 Age of last sexual partner (years) | 15–24 | 204 (84.7) | 193 (94.6) | 11 (5.4) |  < 0.001* |
 ≥ 25 | 37 (15.3) | 28 (75.7) | 9 (24.3) | ||
 Sexual role at first anal sex with a man | Insertive | 103 (42.8) | 95 (92.2) | 8 (7.8) | 0.514 |
Receptive | 83 (34.4) | 74 (89.2) | 9 (10.8) | ||
Versatile | 55 (22.8) | 52 (94.6) | 3 (5.4) | ||
 Preferred sexual role | Insertive | 117 (48.6) | 109 (93.2) | 8 (6.8) | 0.512 |
Versatile | 75 (31.1) | 69 (92.0) | 6 (8.0) | ||
Receptive | 49 (20.3) | 43 (87.8) | 6 (12.2) | ||
 Nature of first anal sex with a man | Consensual | 201 (83.4) | 182 (90.6) | 19 (9.4) | 0.145 |
Coerced/forced | 40 (16.6) | 39(97.5) | 1 (2.5) | ||
 Number of men had anal sex within last 12 months | One (1) | 69 (28.7) | 68 (98.6) | 1 (1.4) | 0.015* |
More than one (1) | 172 (71.3) | 153 (89) | 19 (11.0) | ||
 Participated in group sex within last 12 months | No | 202 (83.8) | 186 (92.0) | 16 (8.0) | 0.628 |
Yes | 39 (16.2) | 35 (89.7) | 4 (10.3) | ||
 Ever used a geosocial networking app for MSM to find a sex partner | Yes | 112 (46.5) | 95 (84.8) | 17 (15.2) |  < 0.001* |
No | 129 (53.6) | 126 (97.7) | 3 (2.3) | ||
 Where last sex partner was met | Offline | 160 (66.4) | 153 (95.6) | 7 (4.4) | 0.002* |
Online | 81 (33.6) | 68 (84.0) | 13 (16.0) | ||
 Used condom with last sexual partner | Yes | 159 (65.7) | 145 (91.2) | 14 (8.8) | 0.673 |
No | 83 (34.3) | 77 (92.8) | 6 (7.2) | ||
 Received money from last sex partner | Yes | 51 (21.2) | 47 (92,2) | 4 (7.8) | 0.894 |
No | 190 (78.8) | 174 (91.6) | 16 (8.4) | ||
 Taken alcohol/other drug during last sexual encounter | Yes | 99 (40.9) | 89 (89.9) | 10 (10.1) | 0.388 |
No | 143 (59.1) | 133 (93.0) | 10 (7.0) | ||
Sexually transmitted infections test results | |||||
 Chlamydia trachomatis | Negative | 100 (41.3) | 94 (94.0) | 6 (6.0) | 0.283 |
Positive | 142 (58.7) | 128 (90.1) | 14 (9.9) | ||
 Mycoplasma genitalium | Negative | 217 (89.7) | 202 (93.1) | 15 (6.9) | 0.024* |
Positive | 25 (10.3) | 20 (80.0) | 5 (20.0) | ||
 Neisseria gonorrhea | Negative | 206 (85.1) | 194 (94.2) | 12 (5.8) | 0.001* |
Positive | 36 (14.9) | 28 (77.8) | 8 (22.2) | ||
 Trichomonas vaginalis | Negative | 239 (98.8) | 219 (91.6) | 20 (8.4) | 0.601 |
Positive | 3 (1.2) | 3 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||