A pilot pragmatic trial of a “what matters most”-based intervention targeting intersectional stigma related to being pregnant and living with HIV in Botswana

Yang, Lawrence H.; Eschliman, Evan L.; Mehta, Haitisha; Misra, Supriya; Poku, Ohemaa B.; Entaile, Patlo; Becker, Timothy D.; Melese, Tadele; Brooks, Merrian J.; Eisenberg, Marlene; Stockton, Melissa A.; Choe, Karen; Tal, Danielle; Li, Tingyu; Go, Vivian F.; Link, Bruce G.; Rampa, Shathani; Jackson, Valerie W.; Manyeagae, Gorata D.; Arscott-Mills, Tonya; Goodman, Melody; Opondo, Philip R.; Ho-Foster, Ari R.; Blank, Michael B.

doi:10.1186/s12981-022-00454-3

Table 3 Outcomes of women enrolled in the Mothers Moving towards Empowerment trial

From: A pilot pragmatic trial of a “what matters most”-based intervention targeting intersectional stigma related to being pregnant and living with HIV in Botswana

Scale	Control			Intervention			Difference between groups			Effect size
Scale	n	Mean	Median	n	Mean	Median	Mean	Median	p-value^a	Cohen’s d	95% CI		Hedges’s g	95% CI
Stigma outcomes (differences between 4 months postpartum and baseline)
Berger HIV Stigma Scale	9	14.6	18.0	29	− 14.8	− 15.0	− 29.4	− 33.0	< 0.01	− 1.20	− 1.99	− 0.39	− 1.17	− 1.94	− 0.38
Personalized stigma	10	7.7	7.5	33	− 3.7	− 3.0	− 11.4	− 10.5	0.03	− 0.86	− 1.59	− 0.13	− 0.85	− 1.56	− 0.13
Disclosure concerns	12	1.0	− 0.5	33	− 6.3	− 6.0	− 7.3	− 5.5	< 0.01	− 1.03	− 1.72	− 0.33	− 1.02	− 1.69	− 0.33
Negative self-image	11	2.8	3.0	32	− 6.5	− 6.5	− 9.3	− 9.5	< 0.01	− 1.07	− 1.79	− 0.34	− 1.05	− 1.75	− 0.34
Concern with public attitudes	10	7.9	10.0	33	− 5.5	− 6.0	− 13.4	− 16.0	0.01	− 0.93	− 1.66	− 0.19	− 0.91	− 1.63	− 0.18
WMM-WLHIV-BW—culture shapes	12	7.7	7.0	34	0.7	− 1.0	− 7.0	− 8.0	0.09	− 0.59	− 1.26	0.08	− 0.58	− 1.24	0.08
WMM-WLHIV-BW—culture protects	12	− 2.8	− 0.5	34	1.6	0.5	4.4	1.0	0.22	0.50	− 0.17	1.16	0.49	− 0.17	1.14
Other psychosocial outcomes (differences between 4 months postpartum and baseline)
Depressive symptoms (CES-D)	8	8.1	7.5	26	− 15.9	− 18.0	− 24.0	− 25.5	< 0.01	− 1.63	− 2.51	− 0.74	− 1.59	− 2.45	− 0.72
PTSD symptoms (PCL-5)	12	0.6	0.0	33	− 4.7	− 2.0	− 5.3	− 2.0	0.28	− 0.54	− 1.21	0.13	− 0.53	− 1.19	0.13
Social functioning (WHODAS-12)	12	− 3.5	− 0.5	33	− 6.9	− 5.0	− 3.4	− 4.5	0.12	− 0.38	− 1.04	0.29	− 0.37	− 1.02	0.29
Quality of life (PROMIS-8)	12	1.4	2.0	33	4.3	4.0	2.9	2.0	0.42	0.28	− 0.38	0.94	0.28	− 0.38	0.93
Social support (6 items)	12	− 5.3	− 4.0	34	1.6	2.5	6.9	6.5	0.10	0.67	− 0.01	1.34	0.66	− 0.49	0.81

All effect sizes are based on mean comparison
WMM-WLHIV-BW what matters most cultural stigma scale for women living with HIV in Botswana
^ap-values are based on Wilcoxon rank-sum test using exact probabilities (instead of normal approximation)

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