Study | Clear research question(s)/ objectives | Clearly defined study population | Participation rate ≥ 50% | Selection from same population | Justified sample size and study power | Exposures measured prior to outcomes | Reasonable timeframe for effect | Different levels of exposure | Clearly defined exposure measures | Repeated measure of exposure | Clearly defined outcomes | Blinded outcome assessors | Loss to follow-up ≤ 20% | Measured and adjusted confounders | Overall rating |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Burnett, 2018 | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | No | Yes | Moderate |
Ferroussier, 2013 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | Yes | No | Moderate |
Gasana, 2008 | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Can’t tell | Yes | No | Moderate |
Harris, 2008 | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Can’t tell | No | No | Moderate |
Shaffer, 2011 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | Yes | No | Moderate |
Simieneh, 2017 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | Yes | No | Moderate |
Takarinda, 2012 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | Yes | No | Moderate |
Tweya, 2014 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | Yes | No | Good |
Van Rie, 2014 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | Yes | No | Moderate |
Kumwenda, 2011 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | Yes | No | Moderate |
Pepper, 2011 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | Yes | Yes | Good |
Ndagijimana, 2015 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | Yes | No | Moderate |
Njozing, 2010 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | Yes | No | Good |
Patel, 2014 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
Hermans, 2012 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | Yes | No | Moderate |
Huerga, 2010 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | Yes | No | Moderate |
Kanyerere, 2012 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | Yes | No | Moderate |
Ledibane, 2015 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | Yes | No | Moderate |
Owiti, 2015 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | Yes | No | Moderate |
Pathmanathan, 2018 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | Yes | No | Moderate |
Ansa, 2014 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | Yes | No | Good |
Van Lettow, 2011 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | Yes | No | Moderate |
Phiri, 2011 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Can’t tell | Yes | No | Moderate |