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Table 2 Crude hazard ratios (HR) for virological failure among PLHIV with more than 6 months of first-line ART and at least one VL test (n = 25,260)

From: Predictors of virological failure among people living with HIV receiving first line antiretroviral treatment in Myanmar: retrospective cohort analysis

Variable

No virological failure (n = 21,681)

Virological failure

(n = 3,579)

HR

(CI 95%)

P value*

 

N

%

N

%

  

Age at ART initiation > 19 years

19,752

87.3

2861

12.7

0.36 (0.35–0.42)

 < 0.001

Female

9954

86.7

1501

13.3

0.86 (0.81–0.92)

 < 0.001

Divorced

NA

NA

0

 

NA

 

Married

12,295

88.0

1680

12.0

0.71(0.66–0.75)

 < 0.001

Separated

1271

84.5

234

15.5

1.90 (0.95–1.23)

0.228

Single

4948

80.4

1205

19.6

1.66 (1.54–1.78)

 < 0.001

Widow

2533

88.2

336

11.8

0.73 (0.65–0.81)

 < 0.001

MSM

163

83.6

32

16.4

1.81 (0.77–1.54)

0.646

History of IDU

1260

86.7

194

13.3

1.13 (0.98–1.31)

0.099

History of sex work

319

82.2

69

17.8

1.24 (0.98–1.58)

0.074

History of transfusion

391

88.7

50

11.3

0.77 (0.58–1.02)

0.063

Economic migrant

357

82.3

77

17.7

1.63 (1.30–2.05)

 < 0.001

History of imprisonment

304

87.9

42

12.1

1.02 (0.75–1.39)

0.889

History of displacement

56

86.2

9

13.8

1.27 (0.66–2.45)

0.472

Having HIV + partner

994

87.0

148

13.0

0.92 (0.78–1.08)

0.297

BMI < 18.5 kg/m3

4339

82.9

898

17.1

1.38 (1.25–1.53)

 < 0.001

Baseline WHO stage

 1

6979

86.4

1096

13.6

Ref

 

 2

696

82.2

151

17.8

1.26 (1.06–1.49)

0.008

 3

6263

85.7

1041

14.3

0.91 (0.84–0.99)

0.033

 4

3602

86.2

578

13.8

0.83 (0.75–0.91)

 < 0.001

Baseline CD4 > 500 cells/mL

530

84.1

100

15.9

1.64 (1.34–2.00)

 < 0.001

Baseline Tuberculosis

5757

86.4

909

13.6

0.88 (0.81–0.95)

 < 0.001

No ART regimen changes during observation time

4330

72.8

1664

27.2

6.60 (6.16–7.06)

 < 0.001

History of low-level viremia

8032

81.5

1829

18.5

1.59 (1.49–1.70)

 < 0.001

Frequency of low-level viremia

 0

13,649

88.6

1750

11.4

Ref

 

 1

6395

86.2

1028

13.8

1.15 (1.07–1.24)

 < 0.001

  ≥ 2

1637

67.1

801

31.9

3.11 (2.86–3.38)

 < 0.001

History of loss-to-follow-up

1837

75.3

603

24.7

1.80 (1.65–1.96)

 < 0.001

Frequency of loss-to-follow-up

 0

19,844

87.0

2976

13.0

Ref

 

 1

1556

77.0

465

23.0

1.69 (1.53–1.86)

 < 0.001

 2

214

67.3

104

32.7

2.28 (1.87–2.77)

 < 0.001

  ≥ 3

67

66.3

34

33.7

2.32 (1.66–3.26)

 < 0.001

Cumulative appointment delay ≥ 60 days

4809

80.0

1196

20.0

1.69 (1.58–1.81)

 < 0.001

  1. *Wald test for the hazard ratio estimate of each exposure variable—comparing counts of those exposed with virological failure to those without
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AIDS Research and Therapy

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