From: What happens to cardiovascular system behind the undetectable level of HIV viremia?
Author, year [Ref.] | Cohort | Type of study | Population | Time of follow up | Aims | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tseng et al. [96] | HIV+ patients enrolled in a public HIV Clinic in San Francisco in 10 years | Retrospective | 2860 HIV+ | 3.7 years | To determine the incidence of SCD in HIV+ patients | Of 230 deaths, 13 % met SCD criteria |
SCDs accounted for 86 % of all cardiac deaths (30 of 35) | ||||||
Mean SCD rate: 2.6 per 1000 person-years (95 % CI 1.8–3.8), 4.5-fold higher than expected | ||||||
Esser et al. [97] | HIV+ outpatients (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01119729) | Prospective observational | 803 HIV+ | N/A | To elucidate CVD prevalence in HIV+ outpatients by standardized non-invasive CV screening | Prevalence of CVD: 10.1 % (95 % CI 8.0–12.2 %) |
Aging HIV-infected patients (≥45 years) exhibited significantly increased rates of CVD, | ||||||
CAD (7.5 vs. 1.8 %, p < 0.001) | ||||||
MI (6.0 vs. 1.8 %, p = 0.002) | ||||||
PAD (4.6 vs. 1.5 %, p < 0.017) | ||||||
Significantly associated with the prevalence of CVD in multivariate analyses: | ||||||
Age (OR 2.05 xd, 95 % CI 1.64–2.56) | ||||||
Smoking (OR 5.96 xd, 95 % CI 2.31–15.38) | ||||||
Advanced symptomatic HIV infection (OR 2.60 xd, 95 % CI 1.31–5.15) | ||||||
Freiberg et al. [8] | Veterans aging cohort study virtual cohort (VACS-VC) | Prospective observational | 55,109 HIV+ 27,350 HIV− | 5.9 years | To investigate whether HIV is associated with an increased risk of MI | The mean MI events per 1000 person-years significantly higher (p < 0.05 for all) for HIV-positive compared with uninfected veterans: |
Age 40–49 years, 2.0 (1.6–2.4) vs. 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | ||||||
Age 50–59 years, 3.9 (3.3–4.5) vs. 2.2 (1.9–2.5) | ||||||
Age 60–69 years, 5.0 (3.8–6.7) vs. 3.3 (2.6–4.2) | ||||||
After adjusting for Framingham risk factors, comorbidities, and substance use, HIV-positive veterans had an increased risk of inc ident MI compared with uninfected veterans (hazard ratio, 1.48; 95 % CI, 1.27–1.72) | ||||||
Silverberg et al. [9] | Kaiser Permanente California | Retrospective | 22,081 HIV+ 230,069 HIV− | 13 years | To evaluate association of HIV infection and immunedeficiency on MI risk | MI incidence rate per 100,000 person-years: 283 for HIV+ subjects [RR of 1.4 (95 % CI 1.3–1.6)] |
Nadir CD4: associated with MIs (RR per 100 cells = 0.88; 95 % CI 0.81–0.96) | ||||||
Recent CD4, HIV-RNA, prior ART use, duration of PI and NNRTI: not associated with MIs | ||||||
Esser et al. [98] | HIV HEART (HIVH) study | Prospective observational | 1481 HIV+ | 7,5 years | To assess the frequency and clinical course of CVE in HIV+ patents by standardized non-invasive CV screening | Advanced clinical and immunological stages: |
Significantly (p < 0.001) associated with higher incidences of CVE (A 17.7 %; B 33.1 %; C 49.2 % and I 3.1 %; II 32.3 %; III 64.6 %) | ||||||
No associated with the duration of HIV-infection (per year: HR: 0.91 [0.88–0.94]) and ART (per year: HR: 0.81 [0.79–0.84]) | ||||||
Petoumenos et al. [99] | Data collection on adverse events of anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) | Retrospective | 24,323 HIV+ men | N/A | To statistically model the relative increased risk of MI, CAD and CVD per year older | Crude MI, CAD and CVD event rates per 1000 person-years increased from 2.29, 3.11 and 3.65 in those aged 40–45 years to 6.53, 11.91 and 15.89 in those aged 60–65 years, respectively |
Carballo et al. [100] | Acute myocardial infarction in Switzerland (AMIS) registry plus Swiss HIV cohort study (SHCS) (aggregated data) | Retrospective | Patients who survived an incident MI occurring on or after 1/1/2005: 133 HIV+, 5328 HIV− | 1 year | To determine whether HIV infection is a risk factor for worse outcomes in patients who survived an incident MI: | HIV infection associated with a significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality 1 year after incident MI |
No significant differences in recurrent MI (4 [3.0 %] HIV+ and 146 [3.0 %] HIV− individuals, or 1.16, 95 % CI 0.41–3.27) | ||||||
Klein et al. [10] | Kaiser Permanente California | Retrospective | 24,768 HIV+ 257,600 HIV− | 15 years | To evaluate changes of MI risk from 1996 to 2011 by HIV status | The adjusted MI RR for HIV status declined from 1.8 in 1996–1999 to 1.0 in 2010–2011 |