Table 1 Markers of disease progression and their biological antagonists in HIV infection
Marker | Antagonist | Untreated HIV infection | Treated HIV infection | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical significance | Evidence of clinical benefit following intervention | Clinical significance | Evidence of clinical benefit following intervention | ||
LPS | Sevalamer Rifaximin | Predictor of disease progression [8] | No significant change in naïve subjects following sevelamer [72] | No significant change in subjects with CD4+ <350/mmc following rifaximin [74] | |
sCD14 | Sevelamer Mesalamine Rifaximin | Predictor of disease progression in HIV controllers [9] | No significant change in naïve subjects following sevelamer [72] | Predictor of mortality [7], also in subjects with a history of AIDS [10] No association with clinical events [13] | No significant change in subjects with CD4+ <350/mmc following mesalamine [73] and rifaximin [74] |
EndoCAb | Sevelamer Rifaximin | Predictor of disease progression in HIV controllers [9] | Unknown | Unknown | |
I-FABP | Not applicable | Unknown | Unknown | No association with clinical events [7] Predictor of mortality in subjects with a history of AIDS [10] | Unknown |
Zonulin | Not applicable | Unknown | Unknown | Predictor of mortality in subjects with a history of AIDS [10] | Unknown |
D-dimer | Mesalamine | Unknown | Unknown | Predictor of all-cause mortality in subjects on intermittent therapy [75] Predictor of mortality in subjects with a history of AIDS [10] Predictor of non-AIDS morbid events both prior to treatment initiation and at year 1 [11] | No significant change in subjects with CD4+Â <350/mmc following mesalamine [73] |
hs CRP | Mesalamine | Unknown | Unknown | Predictor of mortality in subjects with a history of AIDS [10] Predictor of AIDS and non-AIDS events prior to treatment initiation [13] | Unknown |
sTNFRI | Mesalamine | Unknown | Unknown | Predictor of mortality in subjects with a history of AIDS [10] Predictor of non-AIDS morbid events both prior to treatment initiation and at year 1 [13] | Unknown |
KTR | IDO1-inhibiting bacteria? [64] | Unknown | Unknown | Predictor of mortality in subjects with a history of AIDS [10] Predictor of non-AIDS morbid events both prior to treatment initiation and at year 1 [13] Predictor of mortality both prior to treatment and at month 6 [47] Predictor of unsuccessful immune recovery at month 12 [47] | No significant change in subjects with CD4+Â <350/mmc following mesalamine [73] |
IL-6 | Mesalamine Chloroquine | Unknown | Contrasting results following chloroquine administration [76] | Predictor of all-cause mortality in subjects on intermittent therapy [75] Predictor of non-AIDS morbid events both prior to treatment initiation and at year 1 [11] | No significant change in subjects with CD4+Â <350/mmc following neither mesalamine [73] nor chloroquine [76] |