Dual role of autophagy in HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis

Table 1 Major human autophagy-related genes and their functions

Stage of autophagy	Gene	Alternate name	Chromosome	Function in autophagy	References
*Initiation of autophagy*
	mTOR		1p36.2	Negative regulator of autophagy.	[4]
	RPTOR		17q25.3	Acts to regulate mTOR.	[9]
	ULK1	ATG1	12q24.3	Components of ULK1 protein kinase complex.	[10]
	ATG13		11p11.2		[11]
	RB1CC1	FIP200	8q11.23		[12]
	C12orf44	ATG101	2q13.13		[11]
*Autophagosome formation*
	ATG9A,B		2q35, 7q36	Components of ATG9-WIPI complex and Vps34-beclin1 class III PI3-kinase complex.	[3, 13]
	WIPI	ATG18	17q24.2		[14]
	PIK3C3	VPS34	18q12.3		[3]
	PIK3R4	VPS15	3q22.1
	BECN1	ATG6	17q21		[15]
	ATG14		14q22.3		[15]
	UVRAG	VPS38	11q13.5		[3, 16]
	Rubicon	KIAA0226	3q29
	AMBRA1		11p11
	ATG2A, B		11q13, 14q32		[17, 18]
	ATG12		5q22	Autophagosome formation; Atg12 conjugation. Atg7 and Atg10 are E1- and E2-like enzymes respectively.	[19]
	ATG5		6q21		[18]
	ATG16L	ATG16	2q37.1		[20]
	ATG7		3p25.3		[21]
	ATG10		5q14.1		[19]
	MAP1LC3B	ATG8	16q24.2	Autophagosome maturation; LC3/Atg8 conjugation.	[3]
	GABARAP	ATG8	17p13.1		[22]
	GABARAPL2	GATE16	16q22.1
	ATG7		3p25.3		[21]
	ATG3		3q13.2		[23]
	ATG4		Xq22.3		[24]
*Autophagosome-lysosome fusion and degradation*
	TFEB		6p21	Transcription factor that regulates Atg and lysosomal genes.	[7]
	RAB7		3q21	Mediates fusion between autophagosome and lysosome.	[25, 26]

ISSN: 1742-6405