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Table 3 Risk perception, barriers to testing and final model of factors independently associated with late presentation at HIV diagnosis in Venezuela, Carabobo State.

From: Determinants of late disease-stage presentation at diagnosis of HIV infection in Venezuela: A case-case comparison

 

Late presenters

Total

  
 

n

%

n

OR* (95%CI)

P -value

PERCEPTION OF RISK

     

Felt at risk of HIV infection (asked directly)b

     

   No

26

41.9

62

1

-

   Yes

25

37.3

67

0.83 (0.39–1.79)

0.638

No perception of risk (mentioned as barrier)b (n = 122)

     

   Not mentioned

36

35.0

103

1

-

   Mentioned

12

63.2

19

4.33 (1.40–13.33)

0.011

Health-seeking behaviour when felt at riskb,† (n = 65)

     

   No health-seeking behaviour

14

45.2

31

1

-

   Protect oneself or seek advice family/friends/partner

6

37.5

16

0.52 (0.13–2.05)

0.347

   Seek advice health centre/CAI

3

16.7

18

0.19 (0.04–0.88)

0.034

BARRIERS TO TESTING

     

Confidentiality testing siteb,‡ (n = 117)

     

   Not mentioned

39

37.9

103

1

-

   Mentioned

8

57.1

14

2.30 (0.71–7.50)

0.167

Fear for stigmab,§ (n = 125)

     

   Not mentioned

35

37.6

93

1

-

   Mentioned

14

43.8

32

1.41 (0.60–3.33)

0.434

Logistic constraintsb, ** (n = 119)

     

   Not mentioned

39

36.4

107

1

-

   Mentioned

8

66.7

12

3.95 (1.05–14.81)

0.042

Having no signs or symptomsb

     

   Not mentioned

38

33.6

113

1

-

   Mentioned

13

81.3

16

4.33 (1.40–13.33)

0.011

Not-wanting-to-know HIV-statusb (n = 127)

     

   Not mentioned

36

35.0

103

1

-

   Mentioned

14

58.3

24

2.53 (0.93–6.86)

0.069

Distance to CAIa

     

   ≤ 25 km

71

37.0

192

1

-

   > 25 km

20

60.6

33

3.15 (1.39–7.14)

0.006

Final model of factors independently associated with late presentation at HIV diagnosis (n = 123/129)

   Factors

   

OR †† (95% CI)

P -value

Age

     

   <30 years

   

1

-

   ≥ 30 years

   

5.34 (1.70–16.76)

0.004

Sexuality

     

   Male heterosexual

   

1

-

   Male homosexual

   

0.22 (0.05–0.92)

0.039

   Male bisexual

   

2.38 (0.46–12.41)

0.302

   Female

   

0.23 (0.05–1.06)

0.059

Perception faithfulness partner

     

   Faithful

   

1

-

   Unfaithful/Doubting faithfulness

   

0.078 (0.01–0.56)

0.011

Distance to CAI

     

   <25 km

   

1

-

   ≥ 25 km

   

16.69 (3.02–92.11)

0.001

  1. aData source: patient files (n = 225). bData source: questionnaires (n = 129). Missing values are deducted by subtracting the total of individuals for each variable to the corresponding 225 (a) or 129 (b) patients. If totals are not indicated for a variable, it has no missing values. *Adjusted for age group and sex. †Only those who indicated to feel at risk of HIV infection were included (n = 67). ‡Set as 'mentioned' if: confidentiality test, doubt correctness result, attitude personnel or being seen at site was mentioned or agreed. §Set as 'mentioned' if: fear of loosing partner/family/job/children or fear for rejection was mentioned or agreed. **Set as 'mentioned' if: no time, inconvenient location, no transport money, costs treatment or costs test was mentioned or agreed. ††Adjusted for SES, having an HIV+ partner, total-HIV-knowledge score, testing as part of screening and the other variables in this model. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
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AIDS Research and Therapy

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