Table 1 Infectious and noninfectious causes of IRIS in HIV-infected patients

Mycobacteria

Rheumatologic/Autoimmune

   Mycobacterium tuberculosis [4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 26, 30-32, 41, 43, 45]

   Rheumatoid arthritis [29] Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [91]

   Graves disease [92], Autoimmune thyroid disease [93]

   Mycobacterium avium complex [4, 5, 23, 31, 94-96]

Sarcoidosis & granulomatous reactions [20, 97]

   Other mycobacteria [4, 56, 57, 98, 99]

Tattoo ink [100]

Cytomegalovirus [4, 33, 61, 63]

AIDS-related lymphoma [101]

Herpes viruses

Guillain-Barre' syndrome (GBS) [102]

   Herpes zoster virus [4, 32, 33, 71, 103, 104]

Interstitial lymphoid pneumonitis [105]

   Herpes simplex virus [4, 32, 33]

   Herpes virus-associated Kaposi's sarcoma [4, 32, 106]

Cryptococcus neoformans [13, 16, 22, 28, 31, 83, 84, 86, 88]

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) [8, 14, 32]

Histoplasmosis capsulatum [107]

Toxoplasmosis [33]

Hepatitis B virus [32, 33]

Hepatitis C virus [4, 32, 33, 108]

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalitis [12, 33, 109]

Parvovirus B19 [110]

Strongyloides stercoralis infection [111] & other parasitic infections [112]

Molluscum contagiosum & genital warts [32]

Sinusitis [113]

Folliculitis [114, 115]