Table 3 Relationships between HIV-1 proteins and autophagy

Gag

In macrophages: Gag colocalizes with LC3, perhaps to promote virion assembly.

[39, 45]

Env

In bystander T cells and neuronal cells: Env induces autophagy and promotes autophagic T cell death.

[47, 58]

Nef

Nef interacts with IRGM to induce autophagy. Nef also acts as an "antiautophagic maturation factor" and blocks the late proteolytic stage of autophagy.

[52, 39]

Tat

In macrophages: Tat blocks IFN-γ-induced LC3 expression and inhibits autophagy.

[59]

In bystander HUVEC*: Tat increases autophagy.

[60]