| Fasting blood glucose (0–48 weeks) | 2-h blood glucose (0–36 weeks) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic* | Crude change (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted change (95% CI) | p-value | Crude change (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted change (95% CI) | p-value |
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 |  − 0.11 (− 0.25, 0.04) | 0.152 | 0.6 (− 0.10, 0.22) | 0.486 |  − 0.08 (− 0.61, 0.46) | 0.776 | 0.08 (− 0.32, 0.49) | 0.680 |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Female | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
 Male |  − 2.59 (− 5.06, − 0.12) | 0.040 |  − 2.24 (− 4.98, 0.50) | 0.108 |  − 3.60 (− 10.73, 3.53) | 0.321 | 3.25 (− 4.20, 10.70) | 0.391 |
Baseline CD4 cell count | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | 0.0001 (− 0.005, 0.006) | 0.970 | 0.002 (− 0.005, 0.005) | 0.943 | 0.006 (− 0.006, 0.019) | 0.313 | 0.01 (0.0002, 0.021) | 0.045 |
Tuberculosis status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No symptoms | Ref. |  |  |  | Ref. |  |  |  |
 TB suspect | 2.07 (− 1.82, 5.97) | 0.295 |  |  |  − 4.93 (− 17.02, 7.16) | 0.423 |  |  |
 TB disease | 0.55 (− 6.11, 7.22) | 0.870 |  |  | 1.24 (− 18.29, 20.76) | 0.901 |  |  |
Baseline blood pressure | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Normal BP | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
 Pre-hypertension |  − 2.98 (− 5.69, − 0.27) | 0.031 |  − 0.89 (− 3.62, 1.83) | 0.519 | 0.19 (− 9.96, 10.34) | 0.970 |  − 3.15 (− 10.72, 4.41) | 0.412 |
 Hypertension |  − 2.55 (− 7.11, 2.00) | 0.270 | 0.99 (− 4.30, 6.28) | 0.712 |  − 5.04 (− 18.88, 8.80) | 0.474 | 4.00 (− 8.15, 16.14) | 0.517 |
HIV clinical stage | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Stage 1 | Ref. |  |  |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
 Stage ≥ 2 | 1.49 (− 1.67, 2.876) | 0.238 | 2.67 (− 2.11, 7.82) | 0.262 |  − 18.00 (− 23.87, 3.210) | 0.312 |  − 2.24 (− 13.01, 7.432) | 0.317 |
Body Mass Index (BMI) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Underweight (< 18.5) | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
 Normal (18.5–24.9) | 0.07 (− 4.54, 4.68) | 0.977 | 2.25 (− 1.98, 6.48) | 0.295 |  − 11.00 (− 25.58, 3.58) | 0.139 |  − 3.18 (− 14.75, 8.39) | 0.588 |
 Overweight (25.0–29.9) |  − 2.94 (− 7.76, 1.89) | 0.232 |  − 2.05 (− 7.32, 3.22) | 0.444 |  − 7.62 (− 23.53, 8.29) | 0.346 |  − 8.07 (− 21.36, 5.23) | 0.233 |
 Obese (≥ 30) |  − 2.88 (− 10.00, 4.23) | 0.426 |  − 1.77 (− 8.97, 5.43) | 0.628 |  − 10.97 (− 27.08, 5.14) | 0.181 |  − 12.91 (− 28.08, 2.26) | 0.095 |
Waist circumference | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Normal | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
 Increased risk of cardiometabolic complications |  − 0.49 (− 3.36, 2.39) | 0.738 | 1.81 (− 1.79, 5.42) | 0.322 | 5.18 (− 4.46, 14.82) | 0.291 | 12.85 (4.80, 20.89) | 0.002 |
 Substantially increased risk of cardiometabolic complications |  − 1.95 (− 5.47, 1.58) | 0.277 | 3.56 (− 0.50, 7.62) | 0.086 | 2.50 (− 6.35, 11.34) | 0.579 | 13.79 (4.14, 23.45) | 0.005 |
Smoking status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Non-smoker | Ref. |  |  |  | Ref. |  |  |  |
 Smoker | 0.55 (− 5.32, 6.42) | 0.853 |  |  | 10.722 (− 4.56, 26.00) | 0.168 |  |  |
Physical activity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 GPAQ < 600 MET minutes | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
 GPAQ ≥ 600 MET minutes |  − 1.25 (− 4.46, 1.96) | 0.444 |  − 2.72 (− 5.60, 0.16) | 0.064 | 3.75 (− 4.99, 12.48) | 0.399 |  − 2.87 (− 10.50, 4.76) | 0.459 |
Alcohol consumption | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No consumption | Ref. |  |  |  | Ref. |  |  |  |
 Low risk alcohol consumption |  − 1.32 (− 4.12, 1.48) | 0.353 |  |  | 0.86 (− 6.70, 8.42) | 0.823 |  |  |
 Hazardous alcohol consumption |  − 1.65 (− 5.54, 2.24) | 0.405 |  |  | 14.93 (2.88, 26.99) | 0.015 |  |  |
 Risk of alcohol dependence | 4.23 (− 2.12, 10.58) | 0.191 |  |  | 3.48 (− 14.49, 21.46) | 0.703 |  |  |
Change in BMI from baseline to Week 48 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | 0.01 (− 0.61, 0.62) | 0.985 | 0.11 (− 0.43, 0.64) | 0.698 |  − 0.95 (− 3.19, 1.29) | 0.405 | 1.08 (− 0.71, 2.88) | 0.235 |
Laboratory investigations | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Creatinine (mg/dl) |  − 8.59 (− 14.71, − 2.46) | 0.006 |  − 2.04 (− 10.63, 6.55) | 0.698 |  − 12.10 (− 26.33, 2.12) | 0.095 |  − 9.19 (− 22.3, 3.93) | 0.169 |
 LDL (mg/dl) |  − 0.02 (− 0.07, 0.03) | 0.470 |  |  |  − 0.03 (− 0.17, 0.11) | 0.679 |  |  |
 HDL (mg/dl) | 0.03 (− 0.05, 0.11) | 0.439 |  |  | 0.10 (− 0.16, 0.36) | 0.467 |  |  |
 Total cholesterol (mg/dl) |  − 0.004 (− 0.04, 0.04) | 0.851 |  |  | 0.04 (− 0.08, 0.16) | 0.510 |  |  |
 Triglycerides (mg/dl) |  − 0.003 (− 0.03, 0.02) | 0.807 |  |  | 0.09 (0.03, 0.16) | 0.005 | 0.06 (− 0.0005, 0.112) | 0.052 |