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Table 2 Factors associated with changes in fasting and 2-h blood glucose over the follow up period

From: Blood glucose trajectories and incidence of diabetes mellitus in Ugandan people living with HIV initiated on dolutegravir

 

Fasting blood glucose (0–48 weeks)

2-h blood glucose (0–36 weeks)

Characteristic*

Crude change (95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted change (95% CI)

p-value

Crude change (95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted change (95% CI)

p-value

Age

        
 

 − 0.11 (− 0.25, 0.04)

0.152

0.6 (− 0.10, 0.22)

0.486

 − 0.08 (− 0.61, 0.46)

0.776

0.08 (− 0.32, 0.49)

0.680

Sex

        

 Female

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Male

 − 2.59 (− 5.06, − 0.12)

0.040

 − 2.24 (− 4.98, 0.50)

0.108

 − 3.60 (− 10.73, 3.53)

0.321

3.25 (− 4.20, 10.70)

0.391

Baseline CD4 cell count

        
 

0.0001 (− 0.005, 0.006)

0.970

0.002 (− 0.005, 0.005)

0.943

0.006 (− 0.006, 0.019)

0.313

0.01 (0.0002, 0.021)

0.045

Tuberculosis status

        

 No symptoms

Ref.

   

Ref.

   

 TB suspect

2.07 (− 1.82, 5.97)

0.295

  

 − 4.93 (− 17.02, 7.16)

0.423

  

 TB disease

0.55 (− 6.11, 7.22)

0.870

  

1.24 (− 18.29, 20.76)

0.901

  

Baseline blood pressure

        

 Normal BP

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Pre-hypertension

 − 2.98 (− 5.69, − 0.27)

0.031

 − 0.89 (− 3.62, 1.83)

0.519

0.19 (− 9.96, 10.34)

0.970

 − 3.15 (− 10.72, 4.41)

0.412

 Hypertension

 − 2.55 (− 7.11, 2.00)

0.270

0.99 (− 4.30, 6.28)

0.712

 − 5.04 (− 18.88, 8.80)

0.474

4.00 (− 8.15, 16.14)

0.517

HIV clinical stage

        

 Stage 1

Ref.

   

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Stage ≥ 2

1.49 (− 1.67, 2.876)

0.238

2.67 (− 2.11, 7.82)

0.262

 − 18.00 (− 23.87, 3.210)

0.312

 − 2.24 (− 13.01, 7.432)

0.317

Body Mass Index (BMI)

        

 Underweight (< 18.5)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Normal (18.5–24.9)

0.07 (− 4.54, 4.68)

0.977

2.25 (− 1.98, 6.48)

0.295

 − 11.00 (− 25.58, 3.58)

0.139

 − 3.18 (− 14.75, 8.39)

0.588

 Overweight (25.0–29.9)

 − 2.94 (− 7.76, 1.89)

0.232

 − 2.05 (− 7.32, 3.22)

0.444

 − 7.62 (− 23.53, 8.29)

0.346

 − 8.07 (− 21.36, 5.23)

0.233

 Obese (≥ 30)

 − 2.88 (− 10.00, 4.23)

0.426

 − 1.77 (− 8.97, 5.43)

0.628

 − 10.97 (− 27.08, 5.14)

0.181

 − 12.91 (− 28.08, 2.26)

0.095

Waist circumference

        

 Normal

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Increased risk of cardiometabolic complications

 − 0.49 (− 3.36, 2.39)

0.738

1.81 (− 1.79, 5.42)

0.322

5.18 (− 4.46, 14.82)

0.291

12.85 (4.80, 20.89)

0.002

 Substantially increased risk of cardiometabolic complications

 − 1.95 (− 5.47, 1.58)

0.277

3.56 (− 0.50, 7.62)

0.086

2.50 (− 6.35, 11.34)

0.579

13.79 (4.14, 23.45)

0.005

Smoking status

        

 Non-smoker

Ref.

   

Ref.

   

 Smoker

0.55 (− 5.32, 6.42)

0.853

  

10.722 (− 4.56, 26.00)

0.168

  

Physical activity

        

 GPAQ < 600 MET minutes

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 GPAQ ≥ 600 MET minutes

 − 1.25 (− 4.46, 1.96)

0.444

 − 2.72 (− 5.60, 0.16)

0.064

3.75 (− 4.99, 12.48)

0.399

 − 2.87 (− 10.50, 4.76)

0.459

Alcohol consumption

        

 No consumption

Ref.

   

Ref.

   

 Low risk alcohol consumption

 − 1.32 (− 4.12, 1.48)

0.353

  

0.86 (− 6.70, 8.42)

0.823

  

 Hazardous alcohol consumption

 − 1.65 (− 5.54, 2.24)

0.405

  

14.93 (2.88, 26.99)

0.015

  

 Risk of alcohol dependence

4.23 (− 2.12, 10.58)

0.191

  

3.48 (− 14.49, 21.46)

0.703

  

Change in BMI from baseline to Week 48

        
 

0.01 (− 0.61, 0.62)

0.985

0.11 (− 0.43, 0.64)

0.698

 − 0.95 (− 3.19, 1.29)

0.405

1.08 (− 0.71, 2.88)

0.235

Laboratory investigations

        

 Creatinine (mg/dl)

 − 8.59 (− 14.71, − 2.46)

0.006

 − 2.04 (− 10.63, 6.55)

0.698

 − 12.10 (− 26.33, 2.12)

0.095

 − 9.19 (− 22.3, 3.93)

0.169

 LDL (mg/dl)

 − 0.02 (− 0.07, 0.03)

0.470

  

 − 0.03 (− 0.17, 0.11)

0.679

  

 HDL (mg/dl)

0.03 (− 0.05, 0.11)

0.439

  

0.10 (− 0.16, 0.36)

0.467

  

 Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

 − 0.004 (− 0.04, 0.04)

0.851

  

0.04 (− 0.08, 0.16)

0.510

  

 Triglycerides (mg/dl)

 − 0.003 (− 0.03, 0.02)

0.807

  

0.09 (0.03, 0.16)

0.005

0.06 (− 0.0005, 0.112)

0.052

  1. Bold values indicate statistically significant p values (p < 0.05)
  2. CD4, cluster of differentiation 4; BP, blood pressure; BMI, Body Mass Index; GPAQ, Global Physical Activity Questionnaire; HDL, high density lipoproteins; LDL, low density lipoprotein
  3. *Variables that had p-values < 0.1 or those with known biological plausibility and clinical significance were included in the multivariable model. Baseline blood glucose was adjusted for in both models