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Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models comparing factors collected at 6-monthly study visits with missing one or more routine HIV clinic visits in the previous 6-months

From: Routine HIV clinic visit adherence in the African Cohort Study

 

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Age at visit (years)

 18–29

3.23 (2.33–4.48)

2.33 (1.65–3.29)

 30–39

2.26 (1.68–3.02)

1.59 (1.19–2.13)

 40–49

1.67 (1.25–2.24)

1.42 (1.07–1.89)

 50+ 

Ref.

–

Sex

 Male

Ref.

–

 Female

1.14 (0.94–1.38)

1.17 (0.95–1.44)

Program site

 Kayunga, Uganda

Ref.

–

 South Rift Valley, Kenya

0.62 (0.48–0.80)

0.78 (0.56–1.10)

 Kisumu West, Kenya

0.57 (0.44–0.75)

0.69 (0.48–1.01)

 Mbeya, Tanzania

0.33 (0.23–0.47)

0.30 (0.19–0.47)

 Abuja and Lagos Nigeria

2.14 (1.64–2.80)

1.53 (1.04–2.27)

Marital status

 Not married

Ref.

–

 Married

0.84 (0.70–1.00)

0.90 (0.75–1.09)

Education

 None or some primary

Ref.

–

 Primary or some secondary

0.80 (0.65–0.99)

0.84 (0.67–1.05)

 Secondary and above

1.24 (0.99–1.54)

0.85 (0.64–1.13)

Employment status

 Unemployed

0.62 (0.52–0.73)

1.04 (0.81–1.35)

 Employed

Ref.

–

Alcohol use

 No

Ref.

–

 Yes

1.77 (1.41–2.20)

1.34 (1.05–1.70)

Recreational drug use

 No

Ref.

–

 Yes

1.65 (0.90–3.03)

0.97 (0.51–1.85)

Enough food to eata

 No

Ref.

–

 Yes

0.96 (0.81–1.14)

1.03 (0.84–1.26)

Ever incarcerated

 No

Ref.

–

 Yes

1.48 (1.15–1.92)

1.42 (1.07–1.88)

Distance to clinic

 < 10 km

Ref.

–

 10+ km

1.17 (0.98–1.40)

1.16 (0.95–1.40)

Time to clinic

 ≤ 30 min

Ref.

–

 > 30 min

0.86 (0.73–1.01)

0.79 (0.67–0.94)

Waiting time

 Satisfied

Ref.

–

 Needs to improve

1.34 (1.03–1.73)

1.18 (0.87–1.60)

Depressionb

 No

Ref.

–

 Yes

1.83 (1.46–2.28)

1.47 (1.13–1.91)

TB diagnosisc

 No

Ref.

–

 Yes

0.71 (0.28–1.82)

0.60 (0.25–1.43)

Year started ART

 1999–2005

Ref.

–

 2006–2010

0.85 (0.45–1.60)

0.80 (0.41–1.55)

 2011–2015

1.58 (0.86–2.92)

0.90 (0.46–1.78)

 2016–2019

1.39 (0.74–2.64)

0.79 (0.39–1.62)

Duration on ART

 < 2 years

Ref.

–

 ≥ 2 years to < 4 years

0.85 (0.71–1.02)

0.98 (0.80–1.20)

 ≥ 4 years

0.52 (0.43–0.63)

0.72 (0.55–0.95)

Experienced HIV stigmad

 No

Ref.

–

 Yes

1.68 (1.17–2.42)

1.07 (0.72–1.59)

Disclosed HIV statuse

 No

Ref.

–

 Yes

1.09 (0.93–1.28)

1.08 (0.90–1.31)

Missed days of ART in past month

 No days missed

Ref.

–

 1–2 days missed

2.52 (2.03–3.12)

2.09 (1.65–2.64)

 3+ days missed

11.19 (8.86–14.14)

7.06 (5.43–9.19)

CD4 count

 < 200 cells/mm3

1.81 (1.44–2.27)

1.28 (1.00–1.66)

 ≥ 200 cells/mm3

Ref.

–

Viral load

 < 1000 copies/mL

Ref.

–

 ≥ 1000 copies/mL

3.32 (2.72–4.05)

2.50 (2.00–3.12)

  1. Logistic regression with generalized estimating equations, clustered by participant to account for repeated measures, was used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for factors potentially associated with missed HIV clinic visits in the previous 6-month period. All potential risk factors specified a priori were included in the adjusted model regardless of significance of the association. We tested for multicollinearity using the variable inflation factor (VIF); all variables included in the adjusted model had a VIF < 2. Analyses were restricted to complete cases only. Bold indicates significance at p < 0.05
  2. aEnough food to eat in the past 12 months
  3. bCenter for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale score, dichotomized with a score of 16 or greater suggestive of depression
  4. cTuberculosis (TB) coinfection, diagnosed by a positive GeneXpert, mycobacterial smear or mycobacterial culture result
  5. dParticipants were defined as experiencing stigma if they had experienced any of the following: social isolation, physical violence, broken family relationships
  6. eDisclosure status was defined as disclosure to any of the following individuals: spouse/partner, parent, sibling, children, grandparents, extended family members, friend, roommate, church members