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Table 1 Characteristics of AFRICOS participants living with HIV on ART attending routine HIV clinic visits at first study visit on antiretroviral therapy, by missed visit status

From: Routine HIV clinic visit adherence in the African Cohort Study

 

Total

(n = 2771)

No missed visits

(n = 2581)

Missed visits

(n = 190)

p-value

Age at visit (years)

   

0.11

 18–29

528 (19.1%)

484 (18.8%)

44 (23.2%)

 

 30–39

979 (35.3%)

905 (35.1%)

74 (38.9%)

 

 40–49

788 (28.4%)

739 (28.6%)

49 (25.8%)

 

 50+ 

476 (17.2%)

453 (17.6%)

23 (12.1%)

 

Sex

   

0.10

 Male

1151 (41.5%)

1083 (42.0%)

68 (35.8%)

 

 Female

1620 (58.5%)

1498 (58.0%)

122 (64.2%)

 

Program site

   

 < 0.001

 Kayunga, Uganda

474 (17.1%)

424 (16.4%)

50 (26.3%)

 

 South Rift Valley, Kenya

987 (35.6%)

922 (35.7%)

65 (34.2%)

 

 Kisumu West, Kenya

498 (18.0%)

466 (18.1%)

32 (16.8%)

 

 Mbeya, Tanzania

520 (18.8%)

505 (19.6%)

15 (7.9%)

 

 Abuja and Lagos Nigeria

292 (10.5%)

264 (10.2%)

28 (14.7%)

 

Marital status

   

0.08

 Not married

1203 (43.4%)

1109 (43.0%)

94 (49.5%)

 

 Married

1568 (56.6%)

1472 (57.0%)

96 (50.5%)

 

Education

   

0.25

 None or some primary

907 (32.7%)

836 (32.4%)

71 (37.4%)

 

 Primary or some secondary

1094 (39.5%)

1029 (39.9%)

65 (34.2%)

 

 Secondary and above

770 (27.8%)

716 (27.7%)

54 (28.4%)

 

Employment status

   

 < 0.01

 Unemployed

1667 (60.2%)

1570 (60.8%)

97 (51.1%)

 

 Employed

1104 (39.8%)

1011 (39.2%)

93 (48.9%)

 

Alcohol use

   

 < 0.01

 No

2330 (84.1%)

2185 (84.7%)

145 (76.3%)

 

 Yes

441 (15.9%)

396 (15.3%)

45 (23.7%)

 

Recreational drug use

   

0.44

 No

2706 (97.7%)

2522 (97.7%)

184 (96.8%)

 

 Yes

65 (2.3%)

59 (2.3%)

6 (3.2%)

 

Enough food to eata

   

0.20

 No

934 (33.7%)

878 (34.0%)

56 (29.5%)

 

 Yes

1837 (66.3%)

1703 (66.0%)

134 (70.5%)

 

Ever incarcerated

   

0.02

 No

2477 (89.4%)

2317 (89.8%)

160 (84.2%)

 

 Yes

294 (10.6%)

264 (10.2%)

30 (15.8%)

 

Distance to clinic

   

0.27

 < 10 km

1439 (51.9%)

1333 (51.6%)

106 (55.8%)

 

 10+ km

1332 (48.1%)

1248 (48.4%)

84 (44.2%)

 

Time to clinic

   

0.77

 ≤ 30 min

1081 (39.0%)

1005 (38.9%)

76 (40.0%)

 

 > 30 min

1690 (61.0%)

1576 (61.1%)

114 (60.0%)

 

Waiting time

   

0.24

 Satisfied

2356 (85.0%)

2200 (85.2%)

156 (82.1%)

 

 Needs to improve

415 (15.0%)

381 (14.8%)

34 (17.9%)

 

Depressionb

   

0.19

 No

2405 (86.8%)

2246 (87.0%)

159 (83.7%)

 

 Yes

366 (13.2%)

335 (13.0%)

31 (16.3%)

 

TB diagnosisc

   

0.49

 No

2690 (97.1%)

2504 (97.0%)

186 (97.9%)

 

 Yes

81 (2.9%)

77 (3.0%)

4 (2.1%)

 

Year started ART

   

0.65

 1999–2005

95 (3.4%)

89 (3.4%)

6 (3.2%)

 

 2006–2010

731 (26.4%)

683 (26.5%)

48 (25.3%)

 

 2011–2015

1326 (47.9%)

1227 (47.5%)

99 (52.1%)

 

 2016–2019

619 (22.3%)

582 (22.5%)

37 (19.5%)

 

Duration on ART

   

0.38

 < 2 years

1564 (56.4%)

1460 (56.6%)

104 (54.7%)

 

 ≥ 2 years to < 4 years

348 (12.6%)

318 (12.3%)

30 (15.8%)

 

 ≥ 4 years

859 (31.0%)

803 (31.1%)

56 (29.5%)

 

Experienced HIV stigmad

   

0.41

 No

2521 (91.0%)

2345 (90.9%)

176 (92.6%)

 

 Yes

250 (9.0%)

236 (9.1%)

14 (7.4%)

 

Disclosed HIV statuse

   

0.15

 No

450 (16.2%)

412 (16.0%)

38 (20.0%)

 

 Yes

2321 (83.8%)

2169 (84.0%)

152 (80.0%)

 

Missed days of ART in past month

   

 < 0.001

 No days missed

2344 (84.6%)

2227 (86.3%)

117 (61.6%)

 

1–2 days missed

306 (11.0%)

266 (10.3%)

40 (21.1%)

 

 3+ days missed

121 (4.4%)

88 (3.4%)

33 (17.4%)

 

CD4 count

   

0.38

 < 200 cells/mm3

420 (15.2%)

387 (15.0%)

33 (17.4%)

 

 ≥ 200 cells/mm3

2351 (84.8%)

2194 (85.0%)

157 (82.6%)

 

Viral load

   

 < 0.001

 < 1000 copies/mL

2418 (87.3%)

2269 (87.9%)

149 (78.4%)

 

 ≥ 1000 copies/mL

353 (12.7%)

312 (12.1%)

41 (21.6%)

 
  1. Between January 2013 and March 2020, people living with HIV were enrolled at 12 HIV clinics in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and Nigeria. Characteristics are summarized from their first study visit on antiretroviral therapy, which may have been at enrollment into the cohort or later if they were ART-naïve at enrollment. Missed clinic visits were based on self-report and defined as one or more missed clinic visits in the past 6 months. Data are presented as n (column %). P-values were calculated using Pearson’s chi-squared tests and statistically significant p-values (p < 0.05) are shown in bold
  2. aEnough food to eat in the past 12 months
  3. bCenter for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale score, dichotomized with a score of 16 or greater suggestive of depression
  4. cTuberculosis (TB) coinfection, diagnosed by a positive GeneXpert, mycobacterial smear or mycobacterial culture result
  5. dParticipants were defined as experiencing stigma if they had experienced any of the following: social isolation, physical violence, broken family relationships
  6. eDisclosure status was defined as disclosure to any of the following individuals: spouse/partner, parent, sibling, children, grandparents, extended family members, friend, roommate, church members
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AIDS Research and Therapy

ISSN: 1742-6405

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