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Table 4 A systematic review and meta-analysis of associated factors for HAND in Ethiopia

From: A systematic review and meta-analysis of HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) among people with HIV in Ethiopia

Associated factors

Odds ratio(AOR)

95% confidence interval

Strength of association

Author, year of publication

Older age

3.31

1.26, 8.70

Strong and positive

Tsegaw et al. 2017

Age group of 41–64 years

3.1

1.3, 7.4

Strong and positive

Yitbarek et al. 2019

Older age of 50 years or above

4.25

1.05, 17.18

Strong and positive

Mossie et al. 2014

Older individuals

1.06

1.03, 1.08

Weak and positive

Wubetu et al. 2021

Being older than 40 years

2.81

1.11, 7.15

Moderate and positive

Salahuddin et al. 2020

No formal education

4.29

2.62, 7.02

Strong and positive

Tsegaw et al. 2017

Being illiterate

5.16

2.20, 12.07

Strong and positive

Araya et al. 2020

Having no education

3.11

1.37, 7.04

Strong and positive

Mossie et al. 2014

Having a primary-level education

3.27

1.46, 7.29

Strong and positive

Araya et al. 2020

Being married

0.377

0.21, 0.67

Weak and negative

Animut et al. 2019

Unemployment status

3.18

1.75, 5.78

Strong and positive

Animut et al. 2019

Low monthly income

4.22

2.02, 8.81

Strong and positive

Wubetu et al. 2021

Body mass index 16 kg/m2

4.39

1.60, 12.02

Strong and positive

Animut et al. 2019

Having poor social support

3.65

1.86, 7.17

Strong and positive

Wubetu et al. 2021

Poor medication adherence

1.49

1.01, 2.18

Weak and positive

Tsegaw et al. 2017

Being non-compliant with prescribed medications

2.99

1.01, 8.87

Moderate and positive

Salahuddin et al. 2020

Lifetime use of tobacco

2.40

1.44, 4.01

Moderate and positive

Araya et al. 2020

Khat chewing

4.4

2.3, 8.3

Strong and positive

Yitbarek et al. 2019

Substance use

4.64

2.3, 9.36

Strong and positive

Mossie et al. 2014

Having a history of recreational drug use

13.67

6.42, 29.13

Strong and positive

Salahuddin et al. 2020

CD4 count of 500 cells/dl or less

2.37

1.52, 3.68

Moderate and positive

Tsegaw et al. 2017

Having a CD4 count (cells/μl) ≤ 500

1.61

1.11, 2.39

Weak and positive

Araya et al. 2020

Plasma HIV-1 RNA load between 1.7log10 and 3log10 copies/ml

2.2

1.1, 4.3

Moderate and positive

Yitbarek et al. 2019

≥ 3log10 copies/ml

7.5

2.6, 21.5

Strong and positive

Yitbarek et al. 2019

Impairment in the activity of daily living

7.19

1.73, 21.83

Strong and positive

Belete et al. 2017

Have no communication about safe sexual intercourse

2.88

1.61, 5.16

Moderate and positive

Wubetu et al. 2021

Having co-morbid opportunistic infection

7.48

4.1, 13.64

Strong and positive

Mossie et al. 2014

Having comorbid depression and anxiety

5.51

1.81, 16.79

Strong and positive

Wubetu et al. 2021

Higher duration of HIV illness

1.01

1.001, 1.02

Weak and positive

Wubetu et al. 2021

Late clinical stage of the illness

4.2

1.19, 14.44

Strong and positive

Belete et al. 2017

Advancing stages of the disease

3.558

1.41, 9.01

Strong and positive

Animut et al. 2019

Clinical stage III of the disease

5.6

1.7, 19.2

Strong and positive

Yitbarek et al. 2019