Table 3 Univariable and multivariable logistic regression of persistent viremia in 647 PLHIV on ART in Guatemala

Past AIDS-defining illness

2.62

1.43–4.79

0.002

1.46

0.73–2.91

0.281

Low CD4 count at diagnosis

3.21

1.56–6.60

0.001

2.36

1.07–5.22

0.033

Treatment interruption ≥ seven days

5.73

2.55–12.88

0.000

4.33

1.72–10.87

0.002

Multiple prior ART regimens

6.03

3.23–11.25

0.000

4.63

2.36–9.09

0.000

Multiple-daily dosing

2.24

1.22–4.11

0.009

1.39

0.70–2.76

0.335

Perceived difficulty attending healthcare

1.82

1.00–3.31

0.049

1.66

0.85–3.21

0.132

No comorbidities

1.91

1.05–3.48

0.033

1.92

0.99–3.70

0.051

Age 50 and below

1.09

0.51–2.33

0.809

Male

1.54

0.83–2.85

0.163

Not indigenous ethnicity

1.54

0.59–4.03

0.370

Primary education or less

1.39

0.75–2.55

0.284

Individual income ≤ CBA^a

2.06

0.72–5.91

0.175

Home owner

1.37

0.71–2.62

0.341

No basic utilities access

1.32

0.57–3.09

0.509

Prior illicit drug use

1.35

0.54–3.34

0.511

Travel time to healthcare > 1 h

1.19

0.63–2.23

0.584

Borrows money for transport to care

1.22

0.65–2.27

0.530

Travel cost ≥ $2.6 roundtrip^b

1.33

0.72–2.41

0.355

Integrase inhibitor-based ART

1.22

0.66–2.27

0.514

Sexual orientation

 MSM

1.00

0.123

 Bisexual

5.74

1.35–24.35

0.018

 Heterosexual

2.71

0.81–8.98

0.103

Smoking

2.10

0.96–4.57

0.062

Excessive alcohol consumption

1.51

0.61–3.75

0.371