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Table 2 Factors associated with testing for HIV and hepatitis C virus in the last 6 months

From: Factors associated with testing for HIV and hepatitis C among behaviorally vulnerable men in Germany: a cross-sectional analysis upon enrollment into an observational cohort

 

Recent HIV testing

Recent HCV testing

n tested/N at risk

Unadjusted risk ratio

(95% CI)

Adjusted risk ratio

(95% CI)

n tested/N at riskf

Unadjusted risk ratio

(95% CI)

Adjusted risk ratio

(95% CI)

Age (years)

 < 25

80/96

Reference

Reference

45/96

Reference

 

 25–35

445/496

1.08 (0.98–1.18)

1.03 (0.94–1.12)

265/488

1.16 (0.92–1.46)

 

 > 35

396/425

1.12 (1.02–1.23)

1.08 (0.99–1.18)

203/417

1.04 (0.82–1.31)

 

Gender identity

 Cisgender man

909/1002

Reference

 

503/987

Reference

Reference

 Transgender/other/unknown

12/15

0.88 (0.68–1.14)

 

10/14

1.40 (1.00–1.96)

1.52 (1.23–1.87)

Sexual orientation

 Homosexual

850/936

Reference

 

475/922

Reference

 

 Bisexual

42/48

0.96 (0.86–1.07)

 

19/47

0.78 (0.55–1.12)

 

 Heterosexual/other/unknown

29/33

0.97 (0.85–1.10)

 

19/32

1.15 (0.86–1.55)

 

Education level

 Less than secondary

174/199

Reference

Reference

94/196

Reference

 

 Secondary school

243/283

0.98 (0.91–1.05)

0.99 (0.92–1.05)

143/280

1.06 (0.88–1.28)

 

 Undergraduate

160/171

1.07 (1.00–1.14)

1.08 (1.01–1.15)

85/170

1.04 (0.84–1.29)

 

 Master’s or doctorate

344/364

1.08 (1.02–1.15)

1.06 (1.00–1.12)

191/355

1.12 (0.94–1.34)

 

Marital status

 Single/never married

561/624

Reference

 

334/616

Reference

Reference

 Married/cohabitating

290/315

1.03 (0.98–1.07)

 

146/307

0.88 (0.77–1.02)

0.88 (0.77–1.00)

 Separated/widowed

66/73

1.00 (0.93–1.09)

 

33/73

0.84 (0.65–1.09)

0.82 (0.63–1.08)

 Other/unknown

4/5

0.89 (0.57–1.38)

 

0/5

–e

–e

Self-perceived HIV riska

 None/small/unknown

404/443

Reference

 

237/437

Reference

Reference

 Some

320/357

0.98 (0.94–1.03)

 

170/354

0.88 (0.77–1.02)

0.89 (0.78–1.01)

 Large/very large

197/217

1.00 (0.95–1.05)

 

106/210

0.93 (0.79–1.09)

0.92 (0.80–1.07)

Illicit drug use in lifetime

 Nob

309/349

Reference

 

157/348

Reference

Reference

 Yes

612/668

1.03 (0.99–1.08)

 

356/653

1.21 (1.06–1.38)

1.15 (1.01–1.31)

Binge drinking in last yearc

 No

551/608

Reference

 

309/600

Reference

 

 Yes

317/345

1.02 (0.98–1.06)

 

169/338

0.96 (0.84–1.10)

 

 Missing/unknown

53/64

0.91 (0.81–1.02)

 

35/63

1.08 (0.85–1.36)

 

Hepatitis B statusd

 Susceptible

127/149

Reference

Reference

59/148

Reference

Reference

 Immune

792/866

1.07 (1.00–1.15)

1.04 (0.97–1.11)

452/851

1.33 (1.08–1.64)

1.24 (1.01–1.50)

 Infected

2/2

1.17 (1.10–1.25)

1.04 (0.94–1.16)

2/2

2.51 (2.06–3.06)

2.54 (1.78–3.61)

Tested for HIV within 6 months

 No

 

–

 

5/95

Reference

Reference

 Yes

 

–

 

508/906

10.6 (4.53–25.1)

10.4 (4.44–24.6)

Tested for HCV within 6 months

 No

398/488

Reference

Reference

 

–

 

 Yes

523/529

1.21 (1.16–1.27)

1.21 (1.16–1.26)

 

–

 
  1. Multivariable Poisson regression with robust error variance was used to estimate risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for factors potentially associated with prior testing for HIV and hepatitis C in the 6 months prior to study entry. For each outcome, factors with p < 0.10 in unadjusted models were included in the adjusted model. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) risk ratios are shown in bold
  2. aSelf-perceived HIV risk was assessed with the question, “Thinking about the sex you had in the past 12 months, to what extent would you consider yourself at risk of getting HIV?” with answers provided via a 5-point Liekert scale from “no risk” to “very large risk.”
  3. bTo enable model convergence, missing data were included in the reference category
  4. cBinge drinking was defined as having six or more drinks during one occasion once or more per month during the past year
  5. dHepatitis B status was categorized as “susceptible” if all surface antigen, surface antibody, and core antibody were all non-reactive; “immune” if only the surface antibody or core antibody was reactive; and “infected” if the surface antigen was detectable
  6. eNo participants with “other/unknown” marital status reported HCV testing in the last 6 months; to enable model convergence, these participants were collapsed into the “single/never married” reference category
  7. fOnly participants not previously known to be living with HIV were included in the evaluation of recent HCV testing, since HCV diagnostic testing would not routinely be indicated for people already known to be living with HIV
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AIDS Research and Therapy

ISSN: 1742-6405

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