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Table 2 Multilevel mixed-effects complementary log–log regression model showing the association between individual and contextual factors on the knowledge of mother to child transmission of HIV and AIDS

From: Knowledge and determinants of women’s knowledge on vertical transmission of HIV and AIDS in South Africa

Variables Model 0 Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
  AOR [95%CI] AOR [95%CI] AOR [95%CI]
Individual level
 Age
  15–19   0.89 [0.75,1.06]   0.92 [0.77,1.09]
  20–24   1.11 [0.95,1.31]   1.15 [0.98,1.35]
  25–29   1.05 [0.91,1.22]   1.09 [0.94,1.26]
  30–34   1.07 [0.92,1.24]   1.11 [0.96,1.28]
  35–39   0.95 [0.83,1.10]   0.96 [0.83,1.11]
  40–44   0.95 [0.82,1.10]   0.95 [0.82,1.09]
  45–49   Ref   Ref
Employment
 Not working   0.84 [0.58,1.22]   0.83 [0.58,1.20]
 Managerial   0.95 [0.63,1.43]   0.93 [0.63,1.38]
 Clerical   0.78 [0.52,1.17]   0.76 [0.51,1.13]
 Agricultural   Ref   Ref
 Home   0.87 [0.58,1.30]   0.85 [0.57,1.26]
 Services   0.91 [0.61,1.35]   0.87 [0.60,1.28]
 Manual   0.92 [0.62,1.35]   0.90 [0.62,1.32]
Marital status
 Never married   0.94 [0.80,1.10]   0.93 [0.79,1.08]
 Married   0.93 [0.79,1.10]   0.92 [0.78,1.08]
 Cohabitation   0.97 [0.80,1.16]   0.95 [0.79,1.14]
 Widow/Divorced/Separated   Ref   Ref
Education
 No education   Ref   Ref
 Primary   1.08 [0.87,1.33]   1.09 [0.88,1.34]
 Secondary   1.29* [1.05,1.59]   1.28* [1.04,1.57]
 Higher   1.65*** [1.28,2.11]   1.55*** [1.21,1.99]
Parity
 0   0.77*** [0.66,0.90]   0.73*** [0.63,0.85]
 1   0.90 [0.79,1.04]   0.88 [0.77,1.01]
 2   0.97 [0.85,1.11]   0.95 [0.83,1.08]
 3   0.98 [0.85,1.12]   0.95 [0.83,1.09]
 4 or more   Ref   
Frequency of reading Newspaper
 Not at all   Ref   Ref
 Less than once a week   1.16** [1.05,1.27]   1.16** [1.05,1.28]
 At least once a week   1.17*** [1.06,1.28]   1.14** [1.04,1.25]
Frequency of watching TV
 Not at all   Ref   Ref
 Less than once a week   1.06 [0.95,1.18]   1.05 [0.94,1.17]
 At least once a week   1.10* [1.01,1.19]   1.08 [0.99,1.17]
Frequency of listening to radio
 Not at all   Ref   Ref
 Less than once a week   1.29** [1.10,1.52]   1.22* [1.03,1.43]
 At least once a week   1.06 [0.95,1.17]   0.982 [0.88,1.10]
 4 and above   Ref   Ref
Contextual factors
 Region
  Northern Cape    Ref Ref
  Western Cape    1.04 [0.87,1.24] 1.02 [0.85,1.22]
  Eastern Cape    0.94 [0.80,1.11] 0.93 [0.78,1.10]
  Free State    1.04 [0.88,1.23] 1.04 [0.88,1.24]
  KwaZulu-Natal    1.15 [0.94,1.39] 1.13 [0.92,1.38]
  North West    1.52*** [1.25,1.84] 1.49*** [1.22,1.81]
  Gauteng    1.36*** [1.13,1.63] 1.35** [1.12,1.62]
  Mpumalanga    0.91 [0.76,1.08] 0.89 [0.75,1.06]
  Limpopo    1.32** [1.10,1.58] 1.35** [1.12,1.64]
Residence
 Urban    1.17** [1.05,1.30] 1.17** [1.04,1.31]
 Rural    Ref Ref
Wealth
 Poorest    0.75*** [0.65,0.87] 0.82* [0.69,0.97]
 Poorer    0.84* [0.73,0.97] 0.87 [0.75,1.01]
 Middle    0.87 [0.77,1.00] 0.89 [0.77,1.03]
 Richer    0.94 [0.83,1.06] 0.97 [0.85,1.10]
 Richest    Ref Ref
Random effects results
 PSU variance 0.15 0.15 0.10 0.11
 ICC 0.20 0.15 0.15 0.15
 Wald chi-square and p-value Ref 160.68 (p < 0.001) 113.60 (p < 0.001) 248.83 (p < 0.001)
 LR Test 176.72 (p < 0.001) 152.57 (p < 0.001) 92.78 (p < 0.001) 93.02 (p < 0.001)
Model fitness
 Log-likelihood − 2453.69 − 2359.58 − 2401.68 − 2319.44
 AIC 4911.38 4779.151 4833.369 4724.882
 PSU 723 723 723 723
 N 7861 7861 7861 7861
  1. Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets
  2. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, Ref   Reference category, PSU  Primary sampling unit, ICC  Intra-class correlation, LR Test  Likelihood ratio test, AIC   Akaike’s information criterion
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AIDS Research and Therapy

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