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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the first-line cohort by receipt of HIV VL testing (n = 35,356)

From: Predictors of virological failure among people living with HIV receiving first line antiretroviral treatment in Myanmar: retrospective cohort analysis

Variable

Value

Total (n = 35,356)

(%)

HIV VL test result not available (n = 10,096)

(%)

HIV VL test result available (n = 25,260)

(%)

P-value*

Age at ART initiation > 19 years

 

32,387

91.6

9774

96.8

22,613

89.5

 < 0.001

Gender (Female)

 

15,749

44.5

4294

42.5

11,455

45.3

0.02

Divorced

 

10

0.0

8

0.1

2

0.0

0.108

Married

 

20,165

57.0

6190

61.3

13,975

55.3

 < 0.001

Separated

 

2178

6.2

673

6.7

1505

6.0

0.363

Single

 

8163

23.1

2010

19.9

6153

24.4

 < 0.001

Widow

 

3927

11.1

1058

10.5

2869

11.4

0.409

Man who has sex with men

 

250

0.7

55

0.5

195

0.8

0.437

History of injection drug use

 

2785

7.9

1331

13.2

1454

5.8

 < 0.001

History of sex work

 

508

1.4

120

1.2

388

1.5

0.37

History of blood transfusion

 

584

1.7

143

1.4

441

1.7

0.482

Economic migrant

 

675

1.9

241

2.4

434

1.7

0.053

History of imprisonment

 

515

1.5

169

1.7

346

1.4

0.498

Displaced person

 

106

0.3

41

0.4

65

0.3

0.434

Having HIV + partner

 

1902

5.4

760

7.5

1142

4.5

 < 0.001

Baseline body mass index < 18.5 kg/m2

 

6829

19.3

1592

15.8

5237

20.7

 < 0.001

 

Missing

21,289

60.2

6091

60.3

15,198

60.2

 

Baseline WHO stage

1

11,501

32.5

3426

33.9

8075

32.0

 < 0.001

 

2

1108

3.1

261

2.6

847

3.4

 
 

3

9710

27.5

2406

23.8

7304

28.9

 
 

4

5516

15.6

1336

13.2

4180

16.5

 
 

Missing

7521

21.3

2667

26.4

4854

19.2

 

Baseline Tuberculosis

 

8754

24.8

2088

20.7

6666

26.4

 < 0.001

Baseline CD4 (cells/mL)

 < 200

8434

23.9

2013

19.9

6421

25.4

 < 0.001

 

200–500

4668

13.2

1,483

14.7

3185

12.6

 
 

 > 500

928

2.6

298

3.0

630

2.5

 
 

Missing

21,326

60.3

6302

62.4

15,024

59.5

 

Time on ART (years)

 < 2

6773

19.2

4174

41.3

2599

10.3

 < 0.001

 

2 – 5

11,984

33.9

3500

34.7

8484

33.6

 
 

 > 5

16,599

46.9

2422

24.0

14,177

56.1

 

History of no treatment change

 

11,355

32.1

5411

53.6

5944

23.5

 < 0.001

 

Missing

204

0.6

117

1.2

87

0.3

 

History of low viremia

 

9861

27.9

NA

NA

9861

39.0

 

Frequency of low viremia

1

7423

21.0

NA

NA

7423

29.4

 
 

 ≥ 2

2438

6.9

NA

NA

2438

9.7

 

History of lost-to-follow-up

 

3850

10.9

1410

14.0

2440

9.7

 < 0.001

Number of times lost-to-follow-up

1

3176

9.0

1155

11.4

2021

8.0

 < 0.001

 

2

512

1.4

194

1.9

318

1.3

 
 

 ≥ 3

162

0.5

61

0.6

101

0.4

 

Cumulative appointment delay ≥ 60 days

 

8852

25.0

2847

28.2

6005

23.8

 < 0.001

Cumulative appointment delay (days)

1–59

21,507

60.8

5594

55.4

15,913

63.0

 < 0.001

 

60–181

4492

12.7

1286

12.7

3206

12.7

 

182–364

1709

4.8

586

5.8

1123

4.4

 

 ≥ 365

2651

7.5

975

9.7

1676

6.6

  1. *Chi2 test with Holm correction