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Fig. 2 | AIDS Research and Therapy

Fig. 2

From: The role of CD38 in HIV infection

Fig. 2

Enzymatic activity of CD38 molecules leads to internal alterations in CD4+ T cells. CD38 catalyzes the conversion of NAD to ADPR, cADPR, and NAADP, which reduces cytoplasmic NAD in CD4+ T cells, leading to a chronic Warburg effect that decreases mitochondrial function. The catalytic products of CD38 can activate calcium channels and increase cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations, further reducing mitochondrial integrity. Depletion of cytoplasmic NAD promotes the Warburg effect and continues to affect mitochondrial function and integrity. Elevated cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations further increase mitochondrial stress, which ultimately leads to decreased CD4+ T cell survival

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