Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 397 study patients
Characteristics | Normal (n = 236) | Prediabetes (n = 133) | Diabetes (n = 28) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, mean ± SD | 45.1 ± 10.3 | 49.4 ± 8.6 | 51.2 ± 6.9 | < .001 |
Male gender, number (%) | 123 (52.1) | 82 (61.7) | 16 (57.1) | 0.206 |
Family history of diabetes, number (%) | 75 (32.3) | 42 (32.3) | 20 (71.4) | < 0.001 |
History of smoking, number (%) | 75 (31.9) | 54 (41.5) | 11 (39.3) | 0.169 |
History of alcohol drinking, number (%) | 129 (54.9) | 89 (68.5) | 16 (57.1) | 0.039 |
Regular physical activity, number (%) | 193 (82.8) | 112 (84.9) | 23 (82.1) | 0.867 |
Sedentary behavior, hours per day, median (IQR) | 5 (3–8) | 5 (2–8) | 4 (2–6) | 0.340 |
Underlying diseases, number (%) | ||||
 Dyslipidemia | 59 (25.1) | 47 (35.6) | 11 (39.3) | 0.054 |
 Hypertension | 20 (8.5) | 29 (22.0) | 12 (42.9) | < 0.001 |
 NAFLD | 3 (1.3) | 7 (5.3) | 1 (3.6) | 0.071 |
 Cancer | 4 (1.7) | 2 (1.5) | 2 (7.1) | 0.170 |
 Others* | 6 (2.5) | 5 (3.8) | 1 (3.6) | 0.559 |
 Duration of HIV infection, years, mean ± SD | 11.4 ± 6.6 | 12.6 ± 5.8 | 12.9 ± 6.7 | 0.168 |
Type of ART regimen, number (%) | ||||
 NNRTI-containing | 187 (79.6) | 94 (70.7) | 20 (71.4) | 0.284 |
 PI-containing | 43 (18.3) | 33 (24.8) | 8 (28.6) | 0.097 |
 Duration of ART, years, mean ± SD | 9.1 ± 5.2 | 10.4 ± 5.1 | 10.2 ± 5.2 | 0.079 |
 CD4 cell counts, cells/mm3, mean ± SD | 549 ± 223 | 555 ± 247 | 694 ± 271 | 0.629 |
 Body weight, kg, mean ± SD | 60.6 ± 13.0 | 62.8 ± 12.2 | 65.3 ± 10.4 | 0.076 |
 Body mass index, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 22.7 ± 3.9 | 23.4 ± 3.9 | 24.1 ± 2.8 | 0.080 |
 Neck circumference, cm, mean ± SD | 33.6 ± 3.6 | 35.1 ± 3.7 | 36.0 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
 Waist circumference, cm, mean ± SD | 81.2 ± 9.9 | 84.5 ± 11.1 | 87.6 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
 Hip circumference, cm, mean ± SD | 93.2 ± 7.0 | 94.7 ± 9.5 | 94.8 ± 5.5 | 0.178 |
 Alkaline phosphatase, U/L, mean ± SD | 94.6 ± 33.8 | 87.3 ± 32.6 | 92.6 ± 34.2 | 0.511 |
 Aspartate transaminase, U/L, mean ± SD | 32.4 ± 24.6 | 34.2 ± 17.1 | 38.7 ± 16.4 | 0.681 |
 Alanine transaminase, U/L, mean ± SD | 35.1 ± 24.4 | 42.6 ± 34.8 | 57.2 ± 41.0 | <0.001 |
 Albumin, g/L, mean ± SD | 38.9 ± 2.8 | 38.2 ± 5.5 | 39.8 ± 2.9 | 0.485 |
 Total cholesterol, mg/dL, mean ± SD | 200 ± 37 | 202 ± 48 | 227 ± 62 | 0.006 |
 HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL, mean ± SD | 51 ± 14 | 48 ± 15 | 45 ± 9 | 0.028 |
 LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL, mean ± SD | 125 ± 32 | 123 ± 38 | 143 ± 52 | 0.032 |
 Total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, mean ± SD | 4.1 ± 1.2 | 4.4 ± 1.5 | 5.1 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
 Triglycerides, mg/dL, mean ± SD | 125 ± 81 | 186 ± 143 | 208 ± 122 | <0.001 |
 Serum creatinine, mg/dL, mean ± SD | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.017 |
 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, mean ± SD | 97.6 ± 17.6 | 91.6 ± 19.2 | 87.9 ± 17.9 | 0.001 |
 Hemoglobin, g/dL, mean ± SD | 13.5 ± 1.7 | 13.9 ± 1.8 | 13.8 ± 2.4 | 0.104 |
 Hematocrit,  %, mean ± SD | 39.6 ± 4.6 | 40.7 ± 5.0 | 41.0 ± 6.0 | 0.057 |
 Mean corpuscular volume (fL), mean ± SD | 89.4 ± 12.9 | 90.5 ± 11.7 | 87.1 ± 12.8 | 0.407 |
 Anti-HCV positive, number (%) (n = 208) | 4 of 128 (3.1) | 6 of 64 (9.4) | 1 of 16 (6.3) | 0.138 |