Table 1 Traditional and HIV-associated risk factors for kidney disease
From: Contemporary issues and new challenges in chronic kidney disease amongst people living with HIV
Traditional risk factors |
 Age |
 Ethnicity |
 Socioeconomic factors |
 Diabetes mellitus and obesity |
 Hypertension |
 Tobacco misuse |
HIV-associated risk factors |
 History of recurrent acute kidney injury |
 HIV viral replication |
 Nadir CD4+ T cell count |
 APOL 1 gene risk alleles |
 Anti-retroviral therapy |
 Illicit drug use |
 Coinfections, esp. Hepatitis B and C |