CD4/CD8 ratio normalization rates and low ratio as prognostic marker for non-AIDS defining events among long-term virologically suppressed people living with HIV

Table 2 Factors associated with normalisation of CD4/CD8 (ratio ≥ 1)

Variables	Univariate			Multivariate
Variables	HR	95% CI	p-value	HR	95% CI	p-value
Gender
Male	Ref
Female	1.99	(1.5–2.64)	< 0.001	2.47	(1.71–3.56)	< 0.001
Age, (per year older)	1.001	(0.98–1.02)	0.906
Body mass index (BMI, kg/m²)
< 25	1.11	(0.75–1.64)	0.606
≥ 25	Ref
Pre–cART HIV-RNA level (log₁₀ copies/mL)	0.79	(0.65–0.96)	0.017
Pre-cART CD4 count (per 100 cell/mm³ increased)	1.40	(1.28–1.54)	< 0.001
Pre-cART CD4 count (cells/mm³)			< 0.001			< 0.001
0–200	Ref			Ref
201–350	2.05	(1.5–2.81)	< 0.001	1.95	(1.4–2.72)	< 0.001
≥ 351	3.47	(2.31–5.2)	< 0.001	3.62	(2.36–5.55)	< 0.001
Pre-cART CD8 count (per 50 cell/mm³ increase)	0.99	(0.97–1.004)	0.139
CDC grading
A, or B	1.81	(1.1–2.99)	0.019	1.2	(0.71–2.02)	0.503
C	Ref			Ref
Months since ART start to first virological suppression			0.057			0.25
< 6 months	Ref			Ref
6–12 months	0.48	(0.22–1.06)	0.07	1.30	(0.84–2.02)	0.24
≥ 12 months	1.14	(0.79–1.64)	0.49	1.49	(0.89–2.51)	0.13
HBsAg status
Negative	1.62	(1.04–2.52)	0.04	1.26	(0.79–2.01)	0.33
Positive	Ref			Ref
Anti-HCV Ab status
Negative	1.08	(0.65–1.81)	0.76
Positive	Ref
Baseline ARV regimen			0.017			0.14
NNRTI based	Ref
PI based	1.50	(1.13–1.99)	0.01	1.35	(0.99–1.82)	0.051
INSTI based	2.01	(0.49–8.27)	0.33	1.60	(0.38–6.70)	0.52
cART by calendar year
< 2007	Ref
≥ 2007	0.85	(0.61–1.2)	0.37

IQR interquartile range, ART antiretroviral therapy, MSM men who have sex with men, IDU injecting drug users, ARV antiretroviral drugs, NNRTI non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, PI protease inhibitor, INSTI integrase strand transfer inhibitors
Significant p-values are in italics (p < 0.001)

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