Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of male and female adolescents living with HIV
Socio-demographic characteristics | Total (n = 328), n (%) | Male (n = 169), n (%) | Female (n = 159), n (%) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean age (in years) | 15.9 ± 0.8 | 15.8 ± 0.8 | 16.0 ± 0.8 | 0.06 |
Type of ART regimen | 0.91 | |||
 First line | 183 (82.4) | 140 (82.8) | 131 (82.4) |  |
 Second line | 36 (16.2) | 29 (17.2) | 27 (17.6) |  |
Duration on ART (in months) | 101 ± 40 | 99.8 (40.7) | 94.0 (39.6) | 0.20 |
Initial CD4 count (cells/mm3) | 632 ± 110 | 777 ± 1460 | 632 ± 460 | 0.35 |
Latest CD4 count (cells/mm3) | 672 ± 284 | 683 ± 314 | 660 ± 250 | 0.44 |
First viral load count (copies) | 34,375 ± 13,958 | 37,868 ± 13,205 | 30,662 ± 14,748 | 0.64 |
Latest viral load count (copies) | 9268 ± 6407 | 4103 ± 1573 | 14,759 ± 9041 | 0.13 |
Visual adherence scale (%) | 95.4 ± 9.6 | 95.3 ± 9.6 | 95.4 ± 9.7 | 0.91 |
Travel time to ART clinic (min) | 48.2 ± 43.4 | 46.1 ± 41.2 | 55.5 ± 45.5 | 0.36 |
Cost to travel to clinic (USD) | 3.4 ± 3.9 | 3.5 ± 3.9 | 3.3 ± 4.0 | 0.61 |
Level of formal educationa | 0.76 | |||
 Primary school or lower | 92 (28.0) | 50 (20.7) | 42 (26.4) |  |
 Secondary school | 168 (51.3) | 86 (50.9) | 82 (51.6) |  |
 High school or higher | 68 (20.7) | 33 (19.5) | 35 (22.0) |  |
Ability to cover health expenses | 0.11 | |||
 No | 181 (55.2) | 86 (50.9) | 95 (59.7) |  |
 Yes | 147 (44.8) | 83 (49.3) | 64 (40.3) |  |
Family has an ID poor card | 0.04 | |||
 No | 190 (57.9) | 88 (52.1) | 102 (64.2) |  |
 Yes | 112 (34.2) | 63 (37.3) | 49 (30.8) |  |
 Don’t know | 26 (7.9) | 18 (10.7) | 8 (5.0) |  |
Access to the health equity fund | <0.001 | |||
 No | 185 (56.4) | 109 (64.5) | 76 (47.8) |  |
 Yes | 126 (38.4) | 45 (35.7) | 81 (50.9) |  |
 Don’t know | 17 (5.2) | 15 (8.9) | 2 (1.3) |  |
Covered by health insurance | 0.02 | |||
 No | 289 (88.1) | 148 (87.6) | 141 (88.7) |  |
 Yes | 148 (87.6) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (3.8) |  |
 Don’t know | 33 (10.1) | 21 (12.4) | 12 (7.5) |  |
Currently living with | 0.33 | |||
 Parents | 140 (42.7) | 73 (43.2) | 67 (42.1) |  |
 Grandparents | 49 (14.9) | 29 (12.7) | 20 (12.6) |  |
 Relatives | 106 (32.3) | 54 (32.0) | 52 (32.7) |  |
 In an orphanage | 27 (8.2) | 12 (7.1) | 15 (9.4) |  |
 Other | 6 (1.8) | 1 (0.6) | 5 (3.1) |  |
Type of accommodation | 0.94 | |||
 Flat/apartment | 19 (8.9) | 10 (8.7) | 9 (8.4) |  |
 Hut | 12 (5.4) | 7 (6.1) | 5 (4.7) |  |
 Mid-size country house | 173 (73.7) | 88 (78.7) | 85 (79.4) |  |
 Mansion/large country house | 12 (5.4) | 6 (5.2) | 6 (5.6) |  |
 Other | 6 (2.7) | 4 (3.5) | 2 (1.9) |  |
Family possessions | ||||
 Running water | 123 (55.4) | 61 (53.0) | 62 (57.9) | 0.46 |
 Electricity | 195 (87.8) | 102 (88.7) | 93 (86.9) | 0.69 |
 Television | 167 (75.2) | 88 (76.5) | 79 (73.8) | 0.64 |
 Radio | 77 (34.7) | 45 (39.1) | 32 (29.9) | 0.15 |
 Fridge | 30 (13.5) | 13 (11.3) | 17 (15.9) | 0.32 |
 Private latrine | 182 (82.0) | 96 (83.5) | 86 (80.4) | 0.55 |
Mother is still alive | 0.18 | |||
 No | 167 (50.9) | 80 (47.3) | 87 (54.7) |  |
 Yes | 161 (49.1) | 89 (52.7) | 72 (45.3) |  |
Mother’s education levela | 0.12 | |||
 No education | 20 (12.7) | 7 (8.1) | 13 (18.1) |  |
 Primary school | 53 (33.5) | 27 (31.4) | 26 (36.1) |  |
 Secondary school | 24 (15.2) | 14 (16.3) | 10 (13.9) |  |
 High school or higher | 24 (15.2) | 12 (14.0) | 12 (16.7) |  |
 Don’t know | 37 (23.4) | 26 (30.2) | 11 (15.3) |  |
Father is still alive | 0.82 | |||
 No | 198 (60.4) | 101 (59.8) | 97 (61.0) |  |
 Yes | 130 (39.6) | 68 (40.2) | 62 (39.0) |  |
Father’s education levela | 0.04 | |||
 No education | 9 (5.6) | 4 (6.2) | 3 (4.3) |  |
 Primary school | 33 (26.2) | 12 (18.8) | 21 (33.9) |  |
 Secondary school | 18 (14.3) | 8 (12.5) | 10 (16.1) |  |
 High school or higher | 28 (24.3) | 9 (14.1) | 14 (22.6) |  |
 Don’t know | 45 (35.7) | 31 (48.4) | 14 (22.6) |  |
Main daily caregiver | 0.57 | |||
 Parent | 187 (57.0) | 102 (60.4) | 85 (53.5) |  |
 Grand parent | 5 (1.5) | 2 (1.2) | 3 (1.9) |  |
 Sibling | 24 (7.3) | 9 (5.3) | 15 (9.4) |  |
 Relatives | 100 (30.5) | 50 (29.6) | 50 (31.4) |  |
 Orphanage/NGO staff | 12 (3.7) | 6 (3.6) | 6 (3.8) |  |
Main caregiver’s education levela | < 0.001 | |||
 Primary school or lower | 14 (7.2) | 2 (2.1) | 12 (12.1) |  |
 Secondary school | 40 (20.5) | 8 (8.3) | 32 (32.3) |  |
 High school | 11 (5.6) | 6 (6.2) | 5 (5.1) |  |
 University or higher | 29 (14.9) | 16 (16.7) | 13 (13.1) |  |
 Don’t know | 101 (51.8) | 64 (66.7) | 37 (37.4) |  |