Fig. 4

a Comparison of intra-patient HIV-1 population diversity, based on the p-distance model [73], among the three groups of patients, i.e., VNP, RP, and TP. Unpaired t test was used to assess the statistical significance between VNP and TP patients. Only those HIV-1 regions significantly different, i.e., near full-length HIV-1 genome, Gag p2, Gag p6, and Gp120 V4, are included. b Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the strength of association between intra-patient HIV-1 population diversity values (p-distance) and the HIV-1 replicative fitness calculated by viral growth kinetics analysis (viral replication slope) described in Fig. 1. r correlation coefficient, p two-tailed p value. Dotted lines represent 95% confidence intervals