Table 3 Bivariate analysis of 870 participants with and without viral load <1000 copies/ml
Variable | Total N | Viral load result (copies/mL) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<1000 (N = 809) | ≥1000 (N = 61) | |||||
N | (%) | N | (%) | |||
Gender | 870 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.083 |
 Female |  | 623 | (77) | 41 | (67) |  |
 Male |  | 186 | (23) | 20 | (33) |  |
Most important source of income | 870 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.399 |
 Agricultural farming |  | 254 | (31) | 16 | (26) |  |
 Wage or salaried employment |  | 93 | (11) | 8 | (13) |  |
 Crafts and trade work |  | 54 | (7) | 2 | (3) |  |
 Petty trade in kiosks stalls and hawking |  | 198 | (24) | 22 | (36) |  |
 None |  | 77 | (10) | 5 | (8) |  |
 Other |  | 133 | (16) | 8 | (13) |  |
Education level | 869 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.127 |
 No education (including do not know) |  | 173 | (21) | 8 | (13) |  |
 Some/completed primary |  | 357 | (44) | 25 | (41) |  |
 Some/completed high school/higher education |  | 278 | (34) | 28 | (46) |  |
Current marital status | 870 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.186 |
 Single/separated/divorced/widowed |  | 481 | (59) | 31 | (51) |  |
 Legally married/co habiting |  | 328 | (41) | 30 | (49) |  |
Any evidence of CD4 cell count treatment failure? | 867 | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 No |  | 781 | (97) | 42 | (69) |  |
 Yes |  | 25 | (3) | 19 | (31) |  |
Current ARV regimen (first regimen) | 870 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.084 |
 Nevirapine |  | 626 | (77) | 53 | (87) |  |
 Efavirenz |  | 183 | (23) | 8 | (13) |  |
Current ARV regimen (second regimen) | 870 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.417 |
 3TC/ZDV |  | 744 | (92) | 54 | (89) |  |
 FTC/TDF |  | 1 | (0) | 0 | (0) |  |
 3TC/TDF |  | 63 | (8) | 7 | (11) |  |
 3TC/ABC |  | 1 | (0) | 0 | (0) |  |
Frequency taking ARV pills | 869 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.826 |
 Never |  | 517 | (64) | 37 | (61) |  |
 Once a week |  | 54 | (7) | 5 | (8) |  |
 More than once a week but less than a month |  | 54 | (7) | 3 | (5) |  |
 More than a month |  | 183 | (23) | 16 | (26) |  |
 Adherence (frequency missing ARV pills) | 869 |  |  |  |  | 0.956 |
 Never or more than a month |  | 700 | (87) | 53 | (87) |  |
 Once a week or more than once a week but less than a month |  | 108 | (13) | 8 | (13) |  |
Alcohol within previous month | 870 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.903 |
 No |  | 739 | (91) | 56 | (92) |  |
 Yes |  | 70 | (9) | 5 | (8) |  |
Age at time of VL test | 870 | 45 | (40–50) | 42 | (37–45) | 0.003 |
Most recent CD4 cell count (cells/mm3) | 867 | 575 | (445–757) | 253 | (118–426) | <0.001 |
Duration on ART (years) | 870 | 7 | (6–8) | 7 | (5–8) | 0.775 |