Sensory neuropathy and metabolic risk factors in human immune deficiency virus infected South Africans receiving protease inhibitors

Table 3 Demographics and clinical features in the ritonavir/lopinavir-group compared to the NRTI-only nested control-group

	Normal value	Ritonavir/lopinavir	D-drug only^a	P value
	Normal value	n = 86	n = 85	P value
Age, years		35 (32–41)	36 (30–42)	0.57
Female, n (%)		72 (84)	58 (68)	0.019
Previous tuberculosis, n (%)		61 (72)	58 (74)	0.71
Alcohol usage, n (%)^b		29 (34)	21 (25)	0.18
Period on d-drugs, months^c		24 (16–37.5)	23 (18–28)	0.33
DSP, n (%)		67 (78)	80 (94)	0.004
Symptomatic DSP, n (%)		41 (48)	45 (53)	0.49
Height (m)		1.62 (1.57–1.65)	1.51 (1.44–1.57)	<0.001
Weight (kg)		67 (59–85)	66 (58–75)	0.10
Body mass index	<25	26.0 (23.6–30.9)	30.0 (24.0–34.0)	0.036
Waist circumference (cm)^d		87.8 (79.3–100.3)	83.8 (77.5–92.0)	0.029
Systolic BP (mmHg)		108 (102–119)	108 (100–116)	0.81
CD4 current (cells/µL)		489 (291–665)	406 (296–564)	0.49
CD4 nadir (cells/µL)		96 (37–132)	120 (55–160)	0.044
Viral load at start of ARV		102,268 (36,820–241,495)	53,000 (12,000–360,000)	0.51
Pre-diabetes, n (%)		27 (32)	27 (39)	0.24
Diabetes, n (%)		8 (9)	3 (4)	0.35
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	<5.17	4.42 (3.75–5.41)	4.31 (3.45–4.83)	0.11
HDL (mmol/L)	<1.03	0.96 (0.76–1.17)	0.97 (0.79-1.18)	0.90
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	<1.70	1.29 (0.93–1.82)	1.10 (0.80–1.47)	0.021
Hypertriglyceridemia, N (%)	>1.70	25(29)	10 (12)	0.031
Fasting lactate (mmol/L)	<1.5	2.2 (1.7–2.9)	1.8 (1.4–2.4)	0.013
Hyperlactatemia, N (%)	>2.5	32 (39)	20 (25)	0.06

The results of all continuous variables are shown as median (inter quartile range). DSP distal sensory polyneuropathy as defined by ≥1 neuropathic sign. Symptomatic DSP is defined as ≥1 neuropathic sign and symptom. Prediabetes defined as fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥5.6 mmol/L but <7.0 mmol/L or 2-h plasma glucose during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) ≥7.8 mmol/L but <11.1 mmol/L. Diabetes defined as FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L or 2-h plasma glucose during the OGTT ≥11.1 mmol/L
^aThe nested controls were extracted from a cohort [2] as outlined in Methods
^bAny alcohol use in the prior 12 months
^cDefined as the sum of stavudine and didanosine exposure times
^dMen <90 cm, women <84 cm. P value reflects the comparison of those exposed to ritonavir/lopinavir vs. the matched controls who did not have ritonavir/lopinavir exposure

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