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Table 2 Adjusted Hazard Ratios (HR) of various characteristics on the occurrence of ADRs, HIV Patients on ART, South Africa 2007-2012

From: An assessment of adverse drug reactions among HIV positive patients receiving antiretroviral treatment in South Africa

 

1 st ADR

1 st ADR → 2 nd ADR

Marginal model

Frailty model

Characteristic

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

Gender

    

Male

1

1

1

1

Female

1.13 (0.82, 1.55)

1.32 (0.72, 2.42)

1.23 (0.88, 1.72)

1.23 (0.94, 1.62)

Age

    

30 and less

1

1

1

1

31 – 37

1.33 (0.81, 2.19)

2.41 (0.54, 10.69)

1.59 (0.95, 2.66)

1.51 (0.94, 2.43)

38 – 44

1.83 (1.12, 3.01)*

3.19 (0.73, 13.93)

2.45 (1.47, 4.10)*

2.07 (1.29, 3.32)*

45+

1.43 (0.85, 2.42)

3.23 (0.73, 14.29)

2.02 (1.16, 3.51)*

1.80 (1.11, 2.93)*

Clinic

    

Clinic A

1

1

1

1

Clinic B

0.77 (0.27, 2.20)

-

0.73 (0.25, 2.11)

0.78 (0.28, 2.22)

Clinic C

3.74 (2.54, 5.50)*

2.36 (0.89, 6.22)

4.03 (2.75, 5.91)*

3.20 (2.24, 4.57)*

Clinic D

1.99 (1.10, 3.58)*

2.76 (0.85, 8.99)

2.14 (1.12, 4.09)*

1.96 (1.18, 3.25)*

ART regimens

    

1a (d4T, 3TC, EFZ)

1

1

1

1

1b (d4T, 3TC, NVP)

1.01 (0.61, 1.66)

0.65 (0.19, 2.21)

1.08 (0.65, 1.80)

0.99 (0.64, 1.55)

1c (AZT, 3TC, EFZ)

1.86 (1.20, 2.87)*

1.83 (0.91, 3.69)

2.09 (1.35, 3.22)*

1.83 (1.27, 2.62)*

Others

1.00 (0.65, 1.54)

1.18 (0.50; 2.82)

1.35 (0.90, 2.01)

1.43 (0.99, 2.04)

Year started ART

    

Before 2009

1

1

1

1

2009 and after

0.78 (0.58, 1.06)

0.41 (0.23, 0.74)*

0.55 (0.40, 0.76)*

0.90 (0.70, 1.16)

  1. *Statistically significant at p-value ≤ 0.05.