Dual role of autophagy in HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis

Table 5 Pharmacologic modifiers of autophagy

Drug category	Drug or reagent	Mechanism	References
*Inducers and enhancers of autophagy*
	Rapamycin*	Inhibits mTOR signaling.	[4]
	Carbamazepine	Inhibition of inositol monophosphatase.	[118]
	Lithium	Inhibition of inositol monophosphatase.	[119]
	Digoxin	Undetermined.	[120]
	Vitamin E	Increases phosphorylation of mTOR substrates.	[121]
	Verapamil	Reduces calcium flux into the cell.	[109]
	Clonidine	Reduces cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).	[109]
	Trehalose	mTOR independent mechanism.	[122]
	Tamoxifen	Increases the intracellular level of ceramide.	[123]
	Niclosamide	Inhibits mTOR signaling.	[124]
	Rottlerin	Inhibits mTOR signaling.	[124]
	Amiodarone	Inhibits mTOR signaling.	[124]
*Inhibitors of autophagy*
	Chloroquine	Blocks the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes.	[125]
	Verteporfin	Inhibitor of autophagosome accumulation.	[126]
	3-Methyladenine*	Inhibitor of class III PI3K (Vps34).	[33]
	Bafilomycin A1*	Ion Channel Inhibitor; V-ATPase inhibitor.	[34]
	Wortmannin	PI3K inhibitor.	[127]
	LY294002	PI3K inhibitor.	[127]
	Leupeptin	Inhibitor of serine and cysteine proteases.	[128]
	Asparagine	Prevents transfer of autophaged material to lysosomes.	[129]

ISSN: 1742-6405