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Table 1 Characteristics of respondents

From: Factors associated with non-adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy in Nairobi, Kenya

Characteristics

Adherent

 

p-value

Variable

No; n (%)

Total; n (%)

 
 

Socio-demographic characteristics

 

Gender distribution

    

All

72 (18)

331 (82)

403 (100)

 

Males

25 (18)

116 (82)

141 (35)

0.958

Females

47 (18)

215 (82)

262 (65)

 

Mean age

    

   All

37.6 yrs

40.2 yrs

39.7 yrs

0.017*

   Male

41.6 yrs

42.8 yrs

42.6 yrs

0.491

   Female

35.4 yrs

38.8 yrs

38.2 yrs

0.012*

Marital status

   

0.225

   Never married

14 (19)

58 (81)

72 (18)

 

   Married

40 (19)

173 (81)

213 (53)

 

   Divorced/Separate

13 (23)

44 (77)

57 (14)

 

   Widowed

5 (9)

52 (91)

57 (14)

 

   Missing

0

4

4 (1)

 

Ever widowed?

   

0.053

   Yes

5 (9)

52 (91)

57 (14)

 

   No

67 (20)

275 (80)

342 (85)

 

Education level

   

0.665

   No education

1 (10)

9 (10)

10 (3)

 

   Primary

28 (19)

117 (81)

145(36)

 

   Secondary

32 (16)

168 (84)

200(50)

 

   Post secondary

10 (22)

36 (78)

46 (11)

 

   Missing

  

2

 

Monthly Income (USD)

   

0.734

   Unemployed

27 (20)

110 (80)

137(34)

 

   < 60

17 (21)

66 (80)

83 (21)

 

   61 - 120

11 (14)

69 (86)

80 (20)

 

   121 - 180

2 (9)

21 (91)

23 (6)

 

   181 - 240

5 (19)

22 (82)

27 (7)

 

   241 - 600

5 (15)

29 (85)

34 (8)

 

   600+

4 (24)

13 (77)

17 (4)

 

   Missing

  

2

 

Housing

   

0.275

   1 room

39 (21)

147 (79)

186(46)

 

   2-3 rooms

16 (19)

69 (81)

85 (21)

 

   1 bedroom

7 (17)

34 (83)

41 (10)

 

   2 bedrooms

4 (8)

48 (92)

52 (13)

 

   ≥ 3 bedrooms

6 (15)

33 (85)

39 (10)

 

1-3 rooms

55 (20)

216 (80)

271 (67)

0.068

≥ 1 bedrooms

17 (13)

115 (87)

132 (33)

 
 

Clinical characteristics

 

CD4 cell count ≤200 cells/ml

   

0.025*

Yes

25(26)

71 (74)

96 (24)

 

No

44(16)

237(84)

281(70)

 

Missing

  

26 (6)

 

Time on ART

   

0.003*

   3 to 6 months

13(37)

22 (63)

35 (9)

 

   6 - 12 months

18(21)

69 (79)

87 (22)

 

   1 to 2 years

25(19)

110(81)

135(34)

 

   3 years +

16(11)

129(89)

145(36)

 

Missing

  

1

 

Adverse effects

    

   Nausea

7 (30)

16 (70)

23 (7)

0.898

   Vomiting

1 (8)

11 (92)

12 (4)

 

   Diarrhea

3 (23)

10 (77)

13 (4)

 

   Neuropathy

3 (10)

27 (90)

30 (9)

 

   Itching

6 (23)

20 (77)

26 (8)

 

   Rashes

5 (12)

36 (88)

41 (13)

 

   Others

6 (15)

33 (85)

39 (12)

 

   None

24(17)

114(83)

138(43)

 
 

ART knowledge

  

Health literacy

    

   Adhere

57 (17)

272 (83)

329 (82)

0.55

   Condom use

35 (18)

162 (82)

197 (49)

0.959

   Nutrition

43 (16)

233 (84)

276 (68)

0.077

Use

    

   Identify drugs

72 (18)

331 (82)

403 (100)

 

   Dosage

72 (18)

330 (82)

402 (100)

 

   Life-long therapy

72 (18)

328 (82)

400 (99)

 
 

Social support

  

Living with

   

0.484

   Family

53(17)

268(83)

321(80)

 

   Friends

2 (22)

7 (78)

9 (2)

 

   Alone

16(22)

56 (78)

72 (18)

 

Living with children?

   

0.345

   No

10(14)

62 (86)

72 (18)

 

   Yes

50(18)

235(82)

285(71)

 

   Have no children

12(26)

34 (74)

46 (11)

0.122

   Has children

60(17)

297(83)

357(89)

 

HIV Status disclosed

   

0.794

   Yes:

58(18)

271(82)

329(82)

 

   No:

13(18)

60 (81)

73 (18)

 

Reminded dose by

   

0.781

   Self

36(19)

151(81)

187(46)

 

   Family

35(17)

176(83)

211(52)

 

   Friends

1 (20)

4 (80)

5 (1)

 

Level of social Support

    

   Never (0%)

13(23)

43 (77)

56 (14)

 

   Rarely (25%)

5 (28)

13 (72)

18 (5)

 

   Sometimes (50%)

12(26)

34 (74)

46 (11)

 

   Often (75%)

17(22)

60 (78)

77 (19)

 

   Always (> 75%)

24(18)

181(88)

205(51)

 

   Missing

  

1

 

Felt social Support

   

0.030*

   < Sometimes

18(24)

56 (76)

74 (21)

 

   > Sometimes

41(14)

241(86)

282(79)

 
 

Concerns about therapy

 

Taking ART worries me

   

0.378

   Agree

16 (22)

58 (78)

74 (18)

 

   Disagree

55 (17)

264 (83)

319 (79)

 

   Not sure

  

10 (3)

 

I Worry about long-term effects of ART

   

0.885

   Agree

31 (19)

135 (81)

166 (41)

 

   Disagree

40 (18)

181 (82)

221 (55)

 

   Not sure

  

16 (4)

 

Lack understanding of how ART works

   

0.505

   Agree

28 (20)

115 (80)

143 (35)

 

   Disagree

40 (17)

197 (83)

237 (59)

 

   Not sure

  

23 (6)

 

Therapy disrupt my life

   

0.006*

   Agree

20 (29)

49 (71)

69 (17)

 

   Disagree

49 (15)

274 (85)

323 (80)

 

   Not sure

  

11 (3)

 

I am embarrassed taking ARV

   

0.162

   Agree

38 (20)

148 (80)

186 (46)

 

   Disagree

31 (15)

175 (85)

206 (51)

 

   Not sure

  

11 (3)

 
 

Reason for not taking therapy

 

Implied missed therapy

   

0.001*

   Gave reason for not taking

50 (24)

156 (76)

206 (51)

 

   Never failed

22 (11)

175 (89)

197 (49)

 

Reason for not taking medicine

   

0.000*

   Being busy and forgetting

44 (29)

110 (71)

154 (38)

 

   Hiding from colleagues

3 (60)

2 (40)

5 (2)

 

   Others

3 (6)

44 (94)

47 (11)

 
  1. *Statistically significant at level p < 0.05 by chi-square test