From: Factors associated with non-adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy in Nairobi, Kenya
Characteristics | Adherent | Â | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | No; n (%) | Total; n (%) | Â | |
 | Socio-demographic characteristics |  | ||
Gender distribution | Â | Â | Â | Â |
All | 72 (18) | 331 (82) | 403 (100) | Â |
Males | 25 (18) | 116 (82) | 141 (35) | 0.958 |
Females | 47 (18) | 215 (82) | 262 (65) | Â |
Mean age | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   All | 37.6 yrs | 40.2 yrs | 39.7 yrs | 0.017* |
   Male | 41.6 yrs | 42.8 yrs | 42.6 yrs | 0.491 |
   Female | 35.4 yrs | 38.8 yrs | 38.2 yrs | 0.012* |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | 0.225 |
   Never married | 14 (19) | 58 (81) | 72 (18) |  |
   Married | 40 (19) | 173 (81) | 213 (53) |  |
   Divorced/Separate | 13 (23) | 44 (77) | 57 (14) |  |
   Widowed | 5 (9) | 52 (91) | 57 (14) |  |
   Missing | 0 | 4 | 4 (1) |  |
Ever widowed? | Â | Â | Â | 0.053 |
   Yes | 5 (9) | 52 (91) | 57 (14) |  |
   No | 67 (20) | 275 (80) | 342 (85) |  |
Education level | Â | Â | Â | 0.665 |
   No education | 1 (10) | 9 (10) | 10 (3) |  |
   Primary | 28 (19) | 117 (81) | 145(36) |  |
   Secondary | 32 (16) | 168 (84) | 200(50) |  |
   Post secondary | 10 (22) | 36 (78) | 46 (11) |  |
   Missing |  |  | 2 |  |
Monthly Income (USD) | Â | Â | Â | 0.734 |
   Unemployed | 27 (20) | 110 (80) | 137(34) |  |
   < 60 | 17 (21) | 66 (80) | 83 (21) |  |
   61 - 120 | 11 (14) | 69 (86) | 80 (20) |  |
   121 - 180 | 2 (9) | 21 (91) | 23 (6) |  |
   181 - 240 | 5 (19) | 22 (82) | 27 (7) |  |
   241 - 600 | 5 (15) | 29 (85) | 34 (8) |  |
   600+ | 4 (24) | 13 (77) | 17 (4) |  |
   Missing |  |  | 2 |  |
Housing | Â | Â | Â | 0.275 |
   1 room | 39 (21) | 147 (79) | 186(46) |  |
   2-3 rooms | 16 (19) | 69 (81) | 85 (21) |  |
   1 bedroom | 7 (17) | 34 (83) | 41 (10) |  |
   2 bedrooms | 4 (8) | 48 (92) | 52 (13) |  |
   ≥ 3 bedrooms | 6 (15) | 33 (85) | 39 (10) |  |
1-3 rooms | 55 (20) | 216 (80) | 271 (67) | 0.068 |
≥ 1 bedrooms | 17 (13) | 115 (87) | 132 (33) |  |
 | Clinical characteristics |  | ||
CD4 cell count ≤200 cells/ml |  |  |  | 0.025* |
Yes | 25(26) | 71 (74) | 96 (24) | Â |
No | 44(16) | 237(84) | 281(70) | Â |
Missing | Â | Â | 26 (6) | Â |
Time on ART | Â | Â | Â | 0.003* |
   3 to 6 months | 13(37) | 22 (63) | 35 (9) |  |
   6 - 12 months | 18(21) | 69 (79) | 87 (22) |  |
   1 to 2 years | 25(19) | 110(81) | 135(34) |  |
   3 years + | 16(11) | 129(89) | 145(36) |  |
Missing | Â | Â | 1 | Â |
Adverse effects | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Nausea | 7 (30) | 16 (70) | 23 (7) | 0.898 |
   Vomiting | 1 (8) | 11 (92) | 12 (4) |  |
   Diarrhea | 3 (23) | 10 (77) | 13 (4) |  |
   Neuropathy | 3 (10) | 27 (90) | 30 (9) |  |
   Itching | 6 (23) | 20 (77) | 26 (8) |  |
   Rashes | 5 (12) | 36 (88) | 41 (13) |  |
   Others | 6 (15) | 33 (85) | 39 (12) |  |
   None | 24(17) | 114(83) | 138(43) |  |
 | ART knowledge |  |  | |
Health literacy | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Adhere | 57 (17) | 272 (83) | 329 (82) | 0.55 |
   Condom use | 35 (18) | 162 (82) | 197 (49) | 0.959 |
   Nutrition | 43 (16) | 233 (84) | 276 (68) | 0.077 |
Use | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Identify drugs | 72 (18) | 331 (82) | 403 (100) |  |
   Dosage | 72 (18) | 330 (82) | 402 (100) |  |
   Life-long therapy | 72 (18) | 328 (82) | 400 (99) |  |
 | Social support |  |  | |
Living with | Â | Â | Â | 0.484 |
   Family | 53(17) | 268(83) | 321(80) |  |
   Friends | 2 (22) | 7 (78) | 9 (2) |  |
   Alone | 16(22) | 56 (78) | 72 (18) |  |
Living with children? | Â | Â | Â | 0.345 |
   No | 10(14) | 62 (86) | 72 (18) |  |
   Yes | 50(18) | 235(82) | 285(71) |  |
   Have no children | 12(26) | 34 (74) | 46 (11) | 0.122 |
   Has children | 60(17) | 297(83) | 357(89) |  |
HIV Status disclosed | Â | Â | Â | 0.794 |
   Yes: | 58(18) | 271(82) | 329(82) |  |
   No: | 13(18) | 60 (81) | 73 (18) |  |
Reminded dose by | Â | Â | Â | 0.781 |
   Self | 36(19) | 151(81) | 187(46) |  |
   Family | 35(17) | 176(83) | 211(52) |  |
   Friends | 1 (20) | 4 (80) | 5 (1) |  |
Level of social Support | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Never (0%) | 13(23) | 43 (77) | 56 (14) |  |
   Rarely (25%) | 5 (28) | 13 (72) | 18 (5) |  |
   Sometimes (50%) | 12(26) | 34 (74) | 46 (11) |  |
   Often (75%) | 17(22) | 60 (78) | 77 (19) |  |
   Always (> 75%) | 24(18) | 181(88) | 205(51) |  |
   Missing |  |  | 1 |  |
Felt social Support | Â | Â | Â | 0.030* |
   < Sometimes | 18(24) | 56 (76) | 74 (21) |  |
   > Sometimes | 41(14) | 241(86) | 282(79) |  |
 | Concerns about therapy |  | ||
Taking ART worries me | Â | Â | Â | 0.378 |
   Agree | 16 (22) | 58 (78) | 74 (18) |  |
   Disagree | 55 (17) | 264 (83) | 319 (79) |  |
   Not sure |  |  | 10 (3) |  |
I Worry about long-term effects of ART | Â | Â | Â | 0.885 |
   Agree | 31 (19) | 135 (81) | 166 (41) |  |
   Disagree | 40 (18) | 181 (82) | 221 (55) |  |
   Not sure |  |  | 16 (4) |  |
Lack understanding of how ART works | Â | Â | Â | 0.505 |
   Agree | 28 (20) | 115 (80) | 143 (35) |  |
   Disagree | 40 (17) | 197 (83) | 237 (59) |  |
   Not sure |  |  | 23 (6) |  |
Therapy disrupt my life | Â | Â | Â | 0.006* |
   Agree | 20 (29) | 49 (71) | 69 (17) |  |
   Disagree | 49 (15) | 274 (85) | 323 (80) |  |
   Not sure |  |  | 11 (3) |  |
I am embarrassed taking ARV | Â | Â | Â | 0.162 |
   Agree | 38 (20) | 148 (80) | 186 (46) |  |
   Disagree | 31 (15) | 175 (85) | 206 (51) |  |
   Not sure |  |  | 11 (3) |  |
 | Reason for not taking therapy |  | ||
Implied missed therapy | Â | Â | Â | 0.001* |
   Gave reason for not taking | 50 (24) | 156 (76) | 206 (51) |  |
   Never failed | 22 (11) | 175 (89) | 197 (49) |  |
Reason for not taking medicine | Â | Â | Â | 0.000* |
   Being busy and forgetting | 44 (29) | 110 (71) | 154 (38) |  |
   Hiding from colleagues | 3 (60) | 2 (40) | 5 (2) |  |
   Others | 3 (6) | 44 (94) | 47 (11) |  |