Table 2 Characteristics of mother-infant pairs in a Zanmi Lasante PMTCT program and matched community controls in rural Haiti**

Female gender, N (%)

109 (42.9)

123 (51.9)

--^

Mean age (months), (SD)

37 (9.7)

36 (10.7)

--^

Infant nutrition, N (%)

< 0.0001

   Exclusive breastfeeding*

0 (0)

75 (31.8)

   Mixed breastfeeding

27 (10.6)

159 (67.4)

   Formula feeding

221(87.0)

2 (0.8)

   Unknown

6 (2.4)

0 (0)

Mean age (months) other food introduced (SD)

6 (3.0)

5 (4.5)

0.003

Mother or Guardian Characteristic

(N = 246)

(N = 250)

Mother alive, N (%)

213 (93.8)

209 (92.5)

0.56

Mean age in years (SD)

33 (7.5)

32 (9.1)

0.71

Civil status of mother, N (%)

0.03

   Married or civil partnership

166 (71.9)

186 (80.5)

   Divorced, separated, widowed or single

65 (28.1)

45 (19.5)

Educational Level, N (%)

0.04

   None

132 (57.4)

108 (47.0)

   Primary or partial primary

79 (34.4)

88 (38.3)

   Secondary

17 (7.4)

33 (14.4)

   Higher

2 (0.9)

1 (0.4)

Household Characteristic

Source of drinking water, N (%)

0.99

   Poor water source

101 (43.9)

102 (44.2)

   Improved (including ownership of filter)

127 (55.2)

127 (55.0)

   Purchased

2 (0.9)

2 (0.9)

Mean duration to fetch water (minutes, SD)

28 (35.7)

27 (32.9)

0.7

Latrine

0.89

   No facilities

128 (55.9)

130 (56.5)

   Improved latrine

101 (44.1)

100 (43.5)

Mean time (hours on foot) to ZL clinic (SD)

3.5 (10.91)

2.7 (5.29)

0.31

Mean Poverty Score (SD)

13 (8.2)

13 (9.5)

0.75

Mean Food Insecurity Score (SD)

18 (5.3)

19 (4.7)

0.02