Table 4 Distribution and correlates of HIV-1 acquired drug resistance among first-line antiretroviral experienced adults at a rural HIV clinic in coastal Kenya (N = 230)

Gender

Male

51 [94.4]

3 [5.6]

Female

150 [85.2]

26 [14.8]

0.100

Age group (years)

15.0 – 34.9

61 [76.3]

19 [23.8]

≥ 35.0

140 [93.3]

10 [6.7]

<0.001

Marital status

Single

13 [68.4]

6 [31.6

Married (monogamous/polygamous)

113 [86.3]

18 [13.7]

Separated/divorced/widowed

75 [93.8]

5 [6.3]

0.013

Religion

Christian

132 [87.4]

19 [12.6]

Muslim

36 [87.8]

5 [12.2]

Others

33 [86.8]

5 [13.2]

1.000

Education status

Primary schooling/less

162 [87.6]

23 [12.4]

Secondary/higher

39 [86.7]

6 [13.3]

0.807

Group distance (km)

<10.0

128 [86.5]

20 [13.5]

≥10.0

73 [89.0]

9 [11.0]

0.681

Starting 1 ^st line regimen

Zidovudine based

102 [86.4]

16 [13.6]

Stavudine based

99 [88.4]

13 [11.6]

0.695

Baseline WHO staging

I/II

117 [90.0]

13 [10.0]

III/IV

83 [83.8]

16 [16.2]

0.228

Baseline BMI groups (Kg/m ² )

< 18.5

82 [88.2]

11 [11.8]

≥ 18.5

118 [86.8]

18 [13.2]

0.841

Baseline CD4 groups (cells/uL)

<100

82 [86.3]

13 [13.7]

> 100

118 [88.7]

15 [11.3]

0.683

Duration on ART (months)

< 12.0

70 [86.4]

11 [13.6]

≥ 12.0

131 [87.9]

18 [12.1]

0.836

Drug substitution

No

145 [87.4]

21 [12.7]

Yes

56 [87.5]

8 [12.5]

1.000

Follow up WHO staging

Stage I/II

119 [91.5]

11 [8.5]

Stage III/IV

82 [82.0]

18 [18.0]

0.044

Follow up BMI groups (Kg/m ² )

< 18.5

30 [83.3]

6 [16.7]

≥ 18.5

171 [88.1]

23 [11.9]

0.417

Follow up CD4 groups (cells/uL)

< 350

110 [84.6]

20 [15.4]

≥ 350

64 [91.4]

6 [8.6]

0.193

MPR adherence

≥ 95% (Satisfactory)

162 [90.5]

17 [9.5]

< 95% (Unsatisfactory)

31 [72.1]

12 [27.9]

0.004

Viral load (log 10, copies/ml)

0.00 – 4.00

189 [95.5]

9 [4.6]

> 4.00

12 [37.5]

20 [62.5]

<0.001