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Table 2 Potential strategies to reduce SNAEs

From: Serious Non-AIDS events: Immunopathogenesis and interventional strategies

Potential strategies to reduce SNAEs

Interventions investigated or under evaluation

References

Preventing immunodeficiency

Initiate ART prior to advanced immunodeficiency

[14, 128–134]

Increasing CD4 T cell recovery

  

Cytokine therapy

Subcutaneous IL-2

[127]

 

Subcutaneous IL-7

[137, 138]

Modulating lymphoid tissue fibrosis

Pirfenidone

Human data pending

 

Angiotensin receptor antagonist

Human data pending

 

ACE inhibitor

Human data pending

Managing co-morbidities

Smoking cessation

[68, 145]

 

Optimise blood pressure, lipids and diabetic control

[146, 147]

 

ART switch

[152–160]

Reducing chronic antigen stimulation

  

Residual viraemia

Raltegravir intensification

[161–170]

 

Maraviroc intensification

[171–174]

HBV and HCV co-infection

Hepatitis B and C treatment

[105, 175, 176]

CMV co-infection

Valganciclovir

[178]

HSV co-infection

Valacyclovir

[179]

Reducing inflammation

Statins

[182–187]

 

COX-2 inhibitors

[195, 196]

 

Aspirin

[199]

 

Hydroxychloroquine & Chloroquine

[191–193]

 

Leflunomide

[200]

 

Prednisone

[201–204]

Reducing microbial translocation

  

Balancing microbiota

Prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic

[210–213]

Reducing bacterial/endotoxin load

Rifaximin

Human data pending

 

Bovine colostrum

[167]

 

Sevelamer

Human data pending

Improving mucosal integrity

Lubiprostone

Human data pending

Reducing inflammation in the gut

Mesalamine

Human data pending